On the contrary, the absence of anything to show that Herakleitos spoke
of a general conflagration only becomes more patent when we turn to the
few fragments which are supposed to prove it. The favourite is fr. 24,
where we are told that Herakleitos said Fire was Want and Surfeit. That
is just in his manner, and it has a perfectly intelligible meaning on
our interpretation, which is further confirmed by fr. 36. On the other
hand, it seems distinctly artificial to understand the Surfeit as
referring to the fact that fire has burnt everything else up, and still
more so to interpret Want as meaning that fire, or most of it, has
turned into a world. The next is fr. 26, where we read that fire in its
advance will judge and convict all things. There is nothing in this,
however, to suggest that fire will judge all things at once rather than
in turn, and, indeed, the phraseology reminds us of the advance of fire
and water which we have seen reason for attributing to Herakleitos, but
which is expressly said to be limited to a certain maximum.[409] These
appear to be the only passages which the Stoics and the Christian
apologists could discover, and, whether our interpretation of them is
right or wrong, it is surely obvious that they cannot bear the weight of
their conclusion, and that there was certainly nothing more definite to
be found.
Footnote 409:
Περὶ διαίτης, i. 3, ἐν μέρει δὲ ἑκάτερον κρατεῖ καὶ κρατεῖται ἐς τὸ
μήκιστον καὶ ἐλάχιστον ὡς ἀνυστόν.
It is much easier to find fragments which are on the face of them
inconsistent with a general conflagration. The “measures” of fr. 20 and
fr. 29 must be the same thing, and they must surely be interpreted in
the light of fr. 23. If this be so, fr. 20, and more especially fr. 29,
directly contradict the idea of a general conflagration. “The sun will
not overstep his measures.”[410] Secondly, the metaphor of “exchange,”
which is applied to the transformations of fire in fr. 22, points in the
same direction. When gold is given in exchange for wares and wares for
gold, the sum or “measure” of each remains constant, though they change
owners. All the wares and gold do not come into the same hands. In the
same way, when anything becomes fire, something of equal amount must
cease to be fire, if the “exchange” is to be a just one; and that it
will be just, we are assured by the watchfulness of the Erinyes (fr.
29), who see to it that the sun does not take more than he gives. Of
course there is, as we have seen, a certain variation; but this is
strictly confined within limits, and is compensated in the long run by a
variation in the other direction. Thirdly, fr. 43, in which Herakleitos
blames Homer for desiring the cessation of strife, is very conclusive.
The cessation of strife would mean that all things should take the
upward or downward path at the same time, and cease to “run in opposite
directions.” If they all took the upward path, we should have a general
conflagration.
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