He is distinctly called a Krotoniate in the extracts from Menon’s
Ἰατρικά (cf. Diog. viii. 84). It is true that Aristoxenos called him
and Eurytos Tarentines (Diog. viii. 46), but this only means that he
settled at Taras after leaving Thebes. These variations are common in
the case of migratory philosophers. Eurytos is also called a
Krotoniate and a Metapontine (Iambl. _V. Pyth._ 148, 266). Cf. also p.
380, _n._ 921 on Leukippos, and p. 406, _n._ 988 on Hippon.
Footnote 764:
For Androkydes, see Diels, _Vors._ p. 281. As Diels points out
(_Arch._ iii. p. 461), even Lucian has sufficient sense of style to
make Pythagoras speak Ionic.
In the second place, there can be no doubt that one of the fragments
refers to the five regular solids, four of which are identified with the
elements of Empedokles.[765] Now Plato gives us to understand, in a
well-known passage of the _Republic_, that stereometry had not been
adequately investigated at the time he wrote,[766] and we have express
testimony that the five “Platonic figures,” as they were called, were
discovered in the Academy. In the Scholia to Euclid we read that the
Pythagoreans only knew the cube, the pyramid (tetrahedron), and the
dodecahedron, while the octahedron and the icosahedron were discovered
by Theaitetos.[767] This sufficiently justifies us in regarding the
“fragments of Philolaos” with something more than suspicion. We shall
find more anachronisms as we go on.
Footnote 765:
Cf. fr. 12 = 20 M. (R. P. 79), τὰ ἐν τᾷ σφαίρᾳ σώματα πέντε ἐντί.
Footnote 766:
Plato, _Rep._ 528 b.
Footnote 767:
Heiberg’s Euclid, vol. v. p. 654, 1, Ἐν τούτῳ τῷ βιβλίῳ, τουτέστι τῷ
ιγ’, γράφεται τὰ λεγόμενα Πλάτωνος ε̄ σχήματα, ἃ αὐτοῦ μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν,
τρία δὲ τῶν προειρημένων ε̄ σχημάτων τῶν Πυθαγορείων ἐστίν, ὅ τε κύβος
καὶ ἡ πυραμὶς καὶ τὸ δωδεκάεδρον, Θεαιτήτου δὲ τό τε ὀκτάεδρον καὶ τὸ
εἰκοσάεδρον. It is no objection to this that, as Newbold points out
(_Arch._ xix. p. 204), the inscription of the dodecahedron is more
difficult than that of the octahedron and icosahedron. The
Pythagoreans were not confined to strict Euclidean methods. It may
further be noted that Tannery comes to a similar conclusion with
regard to the musical scale described in the fragment of Philolaos. He
says: “Il n’y a jamais eu, pour la division du tétracorde, une
tradition pythagoricienne; on ne peut pas avec sûreté remonter plus
haut que Platon ou qu’Archytas” (_Rev. de Philologie_, 1904, p. 244).
[Sidenote: The Problem.]
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