This account has all the air of being historical. The mention of Lysis
proves, however, that those events were spread over more than one
generation. The _coup d’état_ of Kroton can hardly have occurred before
450 B.C., if the teacher of Epameinondas escaped from it, and it may
well have been even later. But it must have been before 410 B.C. that
the Pythagoreans left Rhegion for Hellas; Philolaos was certainly at
Thebes about that time.[207]
Footnote 207:
Plato, _Phd._ 61 d 7, e 7.
The political power of the Pythagoreans as an Order was now gone for
ever, though we shall see that some of them returned to Italy at a later
date. In exile they seem to have dropped the merely magical and
superstitious parts of their system, and this enabled them to take their
place as one of the scientific schools of Hellas.
[Sidenote: Want of evidence as to the teaching of Pythagoras.]
41. Of the opinions of Pythagoras we know even less than of his life.
Aristotle clearly knew nothing for certain of ethical or physical
doctrines going back to the founder of the Society himself.[208]
Aristoxenos only gave a string of moral precepts.[209] Dikaiarchos is
quoted by Porphyry as asserting that hardly anything of what Pythagoras
taught his disciples was known except the doctrine of transmigration,
the periodic cycle, and the kinship of all living creatures.[210] The
fact is, that, like all teachers who introduce a new way of living
rather than a new view of the world, Pythagoras preferred oral
instruction to the dissemination of his opinions by writing, and it was
not till Alexandrian times that any one ventured to forge books in his
name. The writings ascribed to the earliest Pythagoreans were also
forgeries of the same period.[211] The early history of Pythagoreanism
is, therefore, wholly conjectural; but we may still make an attempt to
understand, in a very general way, what the position of Pythagoras in
the history of Greek thought must have been.
Footnote 208:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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