In the passages of Aristotle just referred to, the Boundless is also
spoken of as the void or empty. This identification of air and the void
is a confusion which we have already met with in Anaximenes, and it need
not surprise us to find it here too.[255] We find also, as we might
expect, distinct traces of the other confusion, that of air and vapour.
It seems certain, in fact, that Pythagoras identified the Limit with
fire, and the Boundless with darkness. We are told by Aristotle that
Hippasos made Fire the first principle,[256] and we shall see that
Parmenides, in discussing the opinions of his contemporaries, attributes
to them the view that there were two primary “forms,” Fire and
Night.[257] We also find that Light and Darkness appear in the
Pythagorean table of opposites under the heads of the Limit and the
Unlimited respectively.[258] The identification of breath with darkness
here implied is a strong proof of the primitive character of the
doctrine; for in the sixth century darkness was supposed to be a sort of
vapour, while in the fifth, its true nature was well known. Plato, with
his usual historical tact, makes the Pythagorean Timaios describe mist
and darkness as condensed air.[259] We must think, then, of a “field” of
darkness or breath marked out by luminous units, an imagination which
the starry heavens would naturally suggest. It is even probable that we
should ascribe to Pythagoras the Milesian view of a plurality of worlds,
though it would not have been natural for him to speak of an infinite
number. We know, at least, that Petron, one of the early Pythagoreans,
said there were just a hundred and eighty-three worlds arranged in a
triangle;[260] and Plato makes Timaios admit, when laying down that
there is only one world, that something might be urged in favour of the
view that there are five, as there are five regular solids.[261]
Footnote 255:
Cf. Arist. _Phys._ Δ, 6. 213 a 27, οἱ δ’ ἄνθρωποι ... φασὶν ἐν ᾦ ὅλως
μηδέν ἐστι, τοῦτ’ εἶναι κενόν, διὸ τὸ πλῆρες ἀέρος κενὸν εἶναι; _de
Part. An._ Β, 10. 656 b 15, τὸ γὰρ κενὸν καλούμενον ἀέρος πλῆρές ἐστι;
_de An._ Β, 10 419 b 34, δοκεῖ γὰρ εἶναι κενὸν ὁ ἀήρ.
Footnote 256:
Arist. _Met._ Α, 3. 984 a 7 (R. P. 56 c).
Footnote 257:
See Chap. IV. § 91.
Footnote 258:
Arist. _Met._ Α, 5. 986 a 25 (R. P. 66).
Footnote 259:
Plato, _Tim._ 58 d 2.
Footnote 260:
This is quoted by Plutarch, _de def. orac._ 422 b, d, from Phanias of
Eresos, who gave it on the authority of Hippys of Rhegion. If we may
follow Wilamowitz (_Hermes_, xix. p. 444) in supposing that this
really means Hippasos of Metapontion (and it was in Rhegion that the
Pythagoreans took refuge), this is a very valuable piece of evidence.
Footnote 261:
Plato, _Tim._ 55 c 7 sqq.
[Sidenote: The heavenly bodies.]
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