N Nachahmer, Emil, quoted, 143 Neanderthal man, 88-94, 96; advent of, 79, 94; as inventor of religion, 88; predecessor of, 80 Negro slaves, thought to identify fossils of extinct mammals, 191-92 Nelson, N. C., 120; on advent of Aurignacians, 100; on ancestors of American Indian, 285; on divisions of prehistory, 37; on European attitude toward Indians, 12; on Indian types, 209 Neolithic age, daggers from, 154; defined, 36-39, 41, 42; time taken to reach, 8 New Stone Age. _See_ Neolithic age Niagara Gorge, 49 Nordenskiöld, Baron Erland, on Indian culture, 240, 245, 247; on inventions unique to New World, 261-62, 264; on metallurgy in New World, 31, 32 Notharctus, 2 O Oceanic Negrito, 213 Old Stone Age. _See_ Paleolithic age _Oreopithecus bambolii_, 87 Osborn, Henry Fairfield, on advent of Aurignacians, 100; on extinction of mammals, 202 P Painting, 104, 171; as religious art, 258-59; by Magdalenians, 107-12, 256; in Spain, 112-13 Paleolithic age, 96; defined, 36, 37, 41, 42, 116-17; progress from, 7, 8; sculpture of, 98 Panpipes, 235-36, 253 Papuan peoples. _See_ Oceanic Negrito _Paranthropus_, 85 Peking man, 81-85 Penck, Albrecht, and Alpine glaciations, 47; on duration of glaciation, 55; on inter-glacial migration, 290-92; on length of residence of man in New World, 6, 31 Peñón man, 138 Percussion flaking, 88, 90, 91 Pericú skulls, 135, 221 Perry, W. J., 16, 239-40 Peyroni, D., 173 Piltdown forgery, 74-77 _Pithecanthropus erectus_, 82, 89; cousin of, 84; discovery of, 81 _Pithecanthropus robustus_, 89 Plainview points, 155-56, 203. _See also_ Folsom man, Generalized Playfair, John, and glacial hypothesis, 46 Pleistocene. _See_ Great Ice Age _Plesianthropus_, 85 Pliocene Period, 67, 68, 87 Pluvials, 59, 131, 170, 292-94; defined, 52 Polished ax, social use of, 39 Population of New World in 1492, 5 Postglacial Period, definition of, 45 Pottery, in association with animal fossils, 194-95; Aurignacian, 113; cord-marked, 229; in dating, 247; as factor in neolithic life, 38; invention in New World of, 54 Pressure flaking, 93, 280; by Solutreans, 104, 283 Prestwich, Sir Joseph, 64, 67 Protestant dogma, 122, 124; influence on archeology of, 63 Punin man, 131-33; question of antiquity of, 195; resemblance to Australian skulls of, 218 Putnam, F. W., 124 Putnam, General Rufus, 120 Pygmy, as exception to Negroid headshape, 210; as preceding Australoid in New World, 225-27 Q Querns. _See_ Milling stones