The last few years of the fifteenth century saw a great change in the development of English printing. Up to the time of Caxton’s death in 1491, there seems to have been little foreign competition, but immediately after this date the state of things altered entirely. Both France and Italy produced books for the English market, and sent over stationers to dispose of them: Gerard Leeu at Antwerp printed a number of English books, mostly of a popular character, while Hertzog in Venice; and a number of printers in Paris, printed service-books of Sarum use. By 1493 two stationers were settled in England; one, Frederick Egmondt, as an agent for Hertzog, the other, Nicholas Lecompte, who sold books printed in Paris. Though we only know of these two as stationers through their names appearing in the colophons of books with which they were connected, there must have been many others of whom we have no trace. After the Act of 1483, which so strongly encouraged foreign importations, a very large number of books for the English market were printed abroad. This was at first occasioned by the small variety in the number of types and the scarcity of ornamental letters and woodcuts. In 1487, Caxton commissioned George Maynyal, a Paris printer, to print an edition of the _Sarum Missal_, and this is the first foreign printed book for sale in England whose history we know. About ten years previously, a _Sarum Breviary_ had been printed at Cologne, and in 1483 another edition at Venice. The first edition of the _Sarum_ _Missal_ was printed about 1486 by Wenssler at Basle. In the fifteenth century, at least fifty books are known to have been printed abroad for sale in England. Most of these were service-books, but there were a few of other classes. Gerard Leeu reprinted three of Caxton’s books, _The Chronicles_, _The History of Jason_, and the _History of Paris and the fair Vienne_, and added a fourth popular book to these, which had not previously appeared in English, the _Dialogues of Salomon and Marcolphus_. In addition to these, he printed editions of the _Sarum Directorium Sacerdotum_ and _Horæ_. Another class of books produced abroad were school-books, and the earliest of these for English use is an edition of the grammatical tracts of _Perottus_, printed at Louvain in 1486 by Egidius van der Heerstraten. In the same year Leeu printed the _Vulgaria_, and very shortly afterwards editions of the Grammars by Anwykyll and the _Garlandia_ were issued from Deventer, Antwerp, Cologne, and Paris.