There was a book published in 1600, of which the title is interesting, although the contents do not enlighten us in regard to the subject under enquiry. It was called "The hospitall of incurable fooles: erected in English, as near the first Italian modell and platforme, as the unskillful hand of an ignorant architect could devise"; but beyond the use of the word "architect," and the deductions to be drawn from its connection with the "Italian modell," there is no help to be obtained in this quarter. Some further light is thrown on the term by John Shute, who published his book _The Chief Groundes of Architecture_ in 1563. Shute calls himself a "Paynter and Archytecte," and in the heading of one of his chapters he speaks of an "Architecte or Mayster of Buyldings." This is the signification of the term which became gradually accepted, but there is no evidence that in Shute's time (that is, in 1563) a master of the buildings was generally employed, or that being employed he was designated an architect. John Thorpe was called a "surveyor." Robert Smithson, who died in 1614, fifty years after Shute, is designated in his epitaph as "architector and surveyor unto the most worthy House of Wollaton." All the evidence points therefore to co-operation in design as well as execution, and while men like Thorpe provided plans and "uprights," each trade provided its own details. This view will account for much of what is otherwise very puzzling--the diversity in character between buildings supposed to have been the work of the same "architect." The difficulty largely disappears if we suppose the small scale drawings to have been supplied by the "surveyor," and then elaborated on the works by the foreman and the various craftsmen. But that there was a desire among wealthy patrons to establish an educated class of "architects" is proved by the Introduction of Shute's book, for he tells us there that he was sent to Italy by the Duke of Northumberland in the year 1550 for the express purpose of studying architecture, and that having there studied it and amassed a number of drawings and designs of sculpture, painting, and architecture, he thought good on his return to set forth some part of them for the profit of others, especially touching architecture. How far Shute himself was able to put his knowledge to the test of practical experience is not known, for no buildings are identified as his, and he died in 1563, the same year in which he published his book. He speaks of his patron having shown the results of his studies to Edward VI. after his return: Edward died in 1553, and there were ten years, therefore, during which Shute might have put in practice what he learned in Italy.