Of the large calligraphic initials a sufficient number of specimens have been given under the heading of Lyons, and, as a rule, they are more quaint than those used by Paris printers. The huge initials already spoken of in the _Mer des Hystoires_ are too large for our _format_. In the same work is a serpentine S equally out of proportion to this volume, an I with a picture of Christ, and a P of similar size in the style of those that often occur in works of Vérard, representing a scribe at work, and recalling the cuts so often seen on the verso of title-pages. For these initials, which are too large for reproduction in this volume, the reader is referred to Claudin’s _History of French Printing_ and Monceau’s monograph on the Lerouges. Of those more moderate in size, the January and May initial on the title-pages of the _Doctrinal de Sapience_, the _Quinze Joyes du mariage_, and many other works by Vérard, Trepperel, and Lenoir, is the best known (see under Geneva). The _Livre du Faulcon_ has an initial with two grotesque profiles, also very frequently met with on other title-pages. This, together with the L with three monkeys, is reproduced by Mr. Pollard in his _Early Illustrated Books_, to which the reader is referred. Shortly before the end of the fifteenth century, in 1497, Bocard published an edition of Robert Gaguin’s _De origine et gestis Francorum_, with a few large grotesque initials, and a very pretty one of the Virgin of the same size, as well as an alphabet of smaller letters. The first leaf of this book begins with an initial which is badly coloured in the only original at our disposal, but which is interesting as forming at the same time an _ex-libris_. The letter in question is an F, and in each of the segments (separated by the central bar) is a scroll, in which an early owner of the volume had written his name. In the _Nef de Santé et Condemnacion des Banquetz_ of Trepperel are some other grotesques, found also in others of his publications. About the same time the use of ornamental initials was commenced by Rembolt and Gering. Gering, who was one of the earliest German printers to settle in Paris, published with his partner, in 1499, a book entitled _Divi Augustini in sacras Pauli epistolas Interpretatio_, with the large P, representing, no doubt, St. Augustine preaching to his followers, which occurs at the beginning of almost every chapter, and a number of smaller ones.