Ingoldstadt is known to bibliographers chiefly by the _Astronomicon Cesareum_ of 1540, a folio volume with movable astronomical diagrams. On the verso of the title are the arms of Charles V. and Ferdinand, to whom the book is dedicated. The last page is entirely covered by the arms of the printer, P. Apianus, which serve as his mark. Throughout the volume are the geometrical initials designed by Michael Ostendorfer, of which we give the best specimens, some of them occurring only once, others two, three, and four times, the C occurring on ten occasions. There are twenty-two different letters in all, including a Greek Φ. Another smaller alphabet of children occurs chiefly towards the end, to which set belongs a compound double initial, much wider than it is tall, which contains the letters Q, U. Besides these, there are four I’s with the four Evangelists, each one with his special symbol. Although undoubtedly a pictorial initial, the C with which we terminate our German selection is not reproduced from a book, but was taken from a document of which we have seen several copies, a licence to marry within prohibited degrees. In this document the body of the text is printed in ordinary black-letter characters, with blanks for the names of the persons wishing to contract marriage. Above the text is a line of ornamental ‘bullatic’ letters, as they are termed, preceded by the C here given, which form together the word ‘Collegium,’ the meaning of the historiation being no doubt that St. Peter with his key has delegated his power to open the Paradise of Matrimony. CHAPTER XVI ENGLISH INITIALS