It must have been noticed by the early settlers who came over the mountains from the eastern colonies, and settled in the new, wild, hilly country, which they called Kentucky. The first settlers built their log cabins along the streams they found, and shot deer and wild turkey and other game that was plentiful in the woods. The deer showed them where salt was to be found in earthy deposits near the streams; for salt is necessary to every creature. Deer trails led from many directions to the "salt licks" which the wild animals visited frequently. Perhaps the same pioneers who dug the salt out of the earth found likewise deposits of _nitre_, called also _saltpetre_, a very precious mineral, for it is one of the elements necessary in the manufacture of gunpowder. With the Indians all about him, and often showing themselves unfriendly, the pioneer counted gunpowder a necessity of life. He relied on his gun to defend and to feed his family. There were men among those first settlers who knew how to make gunpowder, and saltpetre was one of the things that had to be carried across the mountains into Kentucky, until they found it in the hills. No wonder that prospectors went about looking for nitre beds in the overhanging ledges of rocks along stream-beds. In such situations the deposits of nitre were found. The earth was washed in troughs of running water to remove the clayey impurity. After a filtering through wood-ashes, the water which held the nitre in solution was boiled down, and left to evaporate, after which the crystals of saltpetre remained. Solid masses of saltpetre weighing hundreds of pounds were sometimes found in protected corners under shelving rocks. It was no doubt in the fascinating hunt for lumps of this pure nitre that the early prospectors discovered that the streams which disappeared into the sink-holes made their way into caverns underground. Digging in the sides of ravines often made the earthy wall cave in, and the surprised prospector stood at the door of a cavern. The discoverer of a cave had hopes that by entering he might find nitre beds richer than those he could uncover on the surface, and this often turned out to be true. The hope of finding precious metals and beds of iron ore also encouraged the exploration of these caves. By the time the war of 1812 was declared, the mining of saltpetre was a good-sized industry in Kentucky. Most of the mineral was taken out of small caves, and shipped, when purified, over the mountains, on mule-back by trails, and in carts over good roads that were built on purpose to bring this mineral product to market. As long as war threatened the country, the Government was ready to buy all the saltpetre the Kentucky frontiersmen could produce. And the miners were constantly in search of richer beds that promised better returns for their labour.