Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General ReaderHobbs, William Herbert
Science
Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader
Hobbs, William Herbert
Geology; Physical geography
It is important to emphasize the essentially composite expression of
the lineament. At one locality it appears as a drainage line, a little
farther on it may be a line of coast; then, again, it is a series of
aligned waterfalls, a visible fault trace, or a rectilinear boundary
between formations; but in every case it is some surface expression
of a buried fracture. Hidden as they so generally are, the fracture
lines must be searched out by every means at our disposal, if we are
not to be misled in accounting for the positions and the attitudes of
disturbed rock masses.
As we have learned, during earthquake shocks, as at no other time,
the surface of the earth is so sensitized as to betray the position
of its buried fractures. As the boundaries of orographic blocks,
certain of the fractures are at such times the seats of especially
heavy vibrations; they are the seismotectonic lines of the earthquake
province. Many lineaments are identical with seismotectonic lines, and
they therefore afford a means of to some extent determining in advance
the lines of greatest danger from earthquake shock.
=The composite repeating patterns of the higher orders.=—Not only
do the larger joint blocks become impressed upon the earth relief as
repeating diaper patterns, but larger and still larger composite units
of the same type may, in favorable districts, be found to present the
same characters. Attention has already been more than once directed
to the fact that the more perfect and prominent fracture planes recur
among the joints of any series at more or less regular intervals (Fig.
40, p. 57, and Fig. 41, p. 58). Nowhere, perhaps, is this larger order
of the repeating pattern more perfectly exemplified than in some recent
deposits in the Syrian desert (plate 10 B). It is usually, however,
in the older sediments that such structures may be recognized; as, for
example, in the squared towers and buttresses of the Tyrolean Dolomites
(Fig. 244). Here the larger blocks appear in the thick bedded lower
formation, the dolomite, divided into subordinate sections of large
dimensions; but in the overlying formations in blocks of relatively
small size, yet with similarly perfect subequal spacing.
[Illustration:
FIG. 244.—Squared mountain masses which reveal a distribution of the
joints in block patterns of different orders of magnitude. The Pordoi
range of the Sella group of the Dolomites, seen from the Cima di Rossi
(after Mojsisovics).]
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