Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General ReaderHobbs, William Herbert
Science
Earth Features and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Geology for the Student and the General Reader
Hobbs, William Herbert
Geology; Physical geography
Till is, then, characterized by a noteworthy lack of homogeneity, both
as regards the size and the composition of its constituent parts. As
many as twenty different rock types of varied textures and colors may
sometimes be found in a single exposure of this material, and the
entire gamut is run from the finest rock flour upon the one hand to
bowlders whose diameter may be measured in feet (Fig. 335).
In contrast with those derived by ordinary stream action, the pebbles
and bowlders of the till are faceted or “soled”, and usually show
striations upon their faces. If a number of pebbles are examined,
some at least are sure to be found with striations in more than one
direction upon a single facet. As a criterion for the discrimination
of the material this may be an important mark to be made use of to
distinguish in special cases from rock fragments derived by brecciation
and slickensiding and distributed by the torrents of arid and semiarid
regions.
Inasmuch as the capacity of ice for handling large masses is greater
than that of water, assorted drift is in general less coarse, and, as
its name implies, it is also stratified. From ordinary stream gravels,
the kame gravels are distinguished by the form of their pebbles, which
are generally faceted and in some cases striated. In proportion,
however, as the materials are much worked over by the water, the
angles between pebble faces become rounded and the original shapes
considerably masked.
=Features into which the drift is molded.=—Though the preëxisting
valleys were first filled in by drift materials, thus reducing the
accent of the relief, a continuation of the same process resulted in
the superimposition of features of characteristic shapes upon the
imperfectly evened surface of the earlier stages. These features belong
to several different types, according as they were built up outside
of, at and upon, or within the glacier margin. The extra-marginal
deposits are described as _outwash plains_ or _aprons_, or sometimes as
_valley trains_; the marginal are either _moraines_ or _kames_; while
within the border were formed the _till plain_ or _ground moraine_,
and, locally also, the _drumlin_ and the _esker_ or _os_. These
characteristic features are with few exceptions to be found only within
the area covered by the latest of the ice invasions. For the earlier
ones, so much time has now elapsed that the effect of weathering,
wash, and stream erosion has been such that few of the features are
recognizable.
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