Upon the opposite or northeastern shore of the lake, on the other hand, the land is everywhere rising out of the water, and the waves are now building storm beaches well out upon the wave-cut terrace. Here the streams, instead of forming estuaries by drowning, drop down in rapids to the level of the lake. [Illustration: FIG. 376.—Portion of the Inner Sandusky Bay, to afford a comparison of the shore line of 1820 with that of to-day (after Moseley).] At the southwestern margin of Lake Erie there is everywhere evidence of a rapid encroachment by the water. In the caves of South Bass Island stalactites, which must obviously have formed above the lake level, are now permanently submerged. It is, however, about Sandusky Bay upon the southwest shore that the most striking observations have been made. Moseley has collected historical records of the killing of forest trees through a submergence which was the result of an advance of the water upon the shores. It seems to be proven from his studies that the water is now rising in Sandusky Bay at a rate of about 2.14 feet per century. In Fig. 376 there is a comparison of the shores of the inner bay separated by an interval of about ninety years. READING REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER XXIV Uptilt in basin of Lake Agassiz:— WARREN UPHAM. The Glacial Lake Agassiz, Mon. 25, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 474-522. Uptilt in Laurentian Basin:— G. K. GILBERT. Recent Earth Movement in the Great Lakes Region, 18th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1898, Pt. ii, pp. 595-647. J. W. SPENCER. Deformation of the Algonquin Beach, etc., Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 41, 1891, pp. 14-16. F. B. TAYLOR. The Highest Old Shore Line of Mackinac Island, Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 43, 1892, pp. 210-218. A. C. LAWSON. Sketch of the Coastal Topography of the North Side of Lake Superior, with reference to the abandoned strands, etc., 20th Ann. Rept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 1893, pp. 181-289, pls. 7-12. J. B. WOODWORTH. Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys, Bull. 84, N.Y. State Mus., 1905, pp. 265, pls. 28. E. L. MOSELEY. Formation of Sandusky Bay and Cedar Point, Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1905, Pt. v, pp. 179-238. F. E. WRIGHT. Rept. Geol. Surv. Mich. for 1903, 1905, p. 37. J. W. GOLDTHWAIT. The Abandoned Shore Lines of Eastern Wisconsin, Bull. 17, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., 1907, pp. 134, pls. 37; A Reconstruction of Water Planes of the Extinct Glacial Lakes in the Lake Michigan Basin, Jour. Geol., vol. 16, 1908, pp. 459-476; Isobases of the Algonquin and Iroquois Beaches and their Significance, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 21, 1910, pp. 227-248, pl. 5; An Instrumental Survey of the Shore Lines of the Extinct Lakes Algonquin and Nipissing in Southwestern Ontario, Mem. 10, Dept. of Mines, Canada, 1910, pp. 57, pls. 4. WILLIAM H. HOBBS. The Late Glacial and Post-glacial Uplift of the Michigan Basin, Pub. 5, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911, pp. 68, pls. 2.