From an examination of a table of 396 earthquakes (May 8, 1875-Dec. 1881) felt in Tokio, furnished to me by Mr. Arai Ikunosuke, the director of the meteorological department, I obtained the following results:— The barometer was rising in 169 cases „ „ falling in 154 „ „ „ steady in 73 „ „ „ below the monthly mean in 189 „ „ „ above „ in 192 „ From this it would appear that in Japan at least the movements of the barometer do not show any marked connection with the occurrence of earthquakes. When considering this question we must remember the marked effects which a lowering of the barometer produces upon certain volcanoes and solfataras. The volumes of steam emitted from Stromboli and from some of the solfataras in Tuscany hold a marked connection with atmospheric pressure as the quantity of fire damp given off from coal seams—these being greatest when the barometer is low. At certain changes of the weather it is said that the volcano of Vulture, near Melfi, emits noises. These phenomena at once place volcanic phenomena and barometrical pressure in direct relationship. _Changes in temperature._—If, with an earthquake, it should happen that there is a change in the height of the barometer, we should naturally expect that this might be accompanied with the changes in the temperature, in the wind, and in other atmospheric phenomena which are more or less connected with the height of the barometer. Many times it has been observed that after an earthquake there has been a sudden fall in the temperature. Such was the case with the Yokohama earthquakes of 1880. Cotte endeavours to show that the earthquakes of Lisbon produced a change upon the temperature of all Europe. In the year which followed this earthquake storms were more common than usual. Kluge has collected together a large number of examples when there has been a fall of temperature at the time of an earthquake.[114] At Kiachta, in Siberia, at the time of the earthquake of December 27, 1856, the thermometer fell from 12° to 25° R. We must, however, remember that there are many cases known where the thermometer rose. M. S. di Rossi remarks that we have the highest records of temperature in the years richest in earthquakes. Thus, in 1873, at the time of the earthquakes in Central and Northern Italy, an abnormal high temperature was remarked. Japanese writers have remarked upon the unusual heat which has shaken their countries. The temperature of subterranean waters have been known to increase before earthquakes. CHAPTER XVI. RELATION OF SEISMIC TO VOLCANIC PHENOMENA. Want of synchronism between earthquakes and volcanic eruptions—Synchronism between earthquakes and volcanic eruptions—Conclusion.