Should the ground be simply torn asunder, this tearing would give rise to a series of waves of distortion, vibrating in directions parallel to the plane of the fissure. Supposing this motion to be propagated to a number of surrounding stations, it would be recorded at each of these as having the same direction. To those situated on a line forming a continuation of the strike of the fissure, the vibrations would advance so to speak _end on_, whilst to those stations lying in a line perpendicular to the strike of the fissure, the motion would advance _broadside on_. Motions like these latter have been recorded in Tokio, where earthquakes which from time observations were known to have come from the faulted and rising region to the south have been registered as a series of east and west motions, or vibrations transverse to this line of propagation. It must, however, be here mentioned that the registration of only transverse motion may possibly be due to the extinction of normal motion, although this is not generally regarded as probable. It would therefore appear that certain earthquakes and faults are closely related phenomena, the former being an immediate effect of the latter. Faults are due to earth oscillations, and to a variety of causes producing disturbances in the equilibrium of the earth’s crust; the principal cause of all these phenomena being alterations in the distribution of heat, and the attractive force of gravity. _Earthquakes consequent on the explosion of steam._—Humboldt regarded volcanoes and earthquakes as the results of a common cause, which he formulated as ‘the reaction of the fiery interior of the earth upon its rigid crust.’ Certain investigators, who have endeavoured to reduce Humboldt’s explanation to definite limits, have suggested that earthquakes may be due to sudden outbursts of steam beneath the crust of the earth, and its final escape through cracks and fissures. Admitting that steam may accumulate by separating out from the cooling interior of our globe, its sudden explosion might be brought about by its own expansive force, or by the movements in the bubbling mass from which it originated. Others, however, rather than regard the steam as being a primeval constituent of the earth’s interior, imagine it arises from the gradual percolation of water from the surface of the earth down to volcanic foci, into which it is admitted against opposing pressures, by virtue of capillary action.