——, notes upon, blue, 38, 39 ——, —— boulder 13, 42, 43 ——, —— brown, 13, 42, 43 ——, —— gault, 43 ——, —— lias, 13, 39 ——, —— marl, 45, 46 ——, —— mica in, 43 ——, —— red, 43 ——, —— rock, 22 ——, —— sandy, 39–41 ——, —— slate, 18 ——, over-draining it, 39 ——, protecting the surface of, 40 ——, slopes, 14, 46–49, 100, 108 ——, testing character of, 40, 41 ——, time of slip in, 43 ——, underground excavation in, 49 ——, weakness in, 43, 44 Cohesion of earths, general consideration, 14, 105, 106 ——, values, 106 Concrete blocks, slopes of, 101 Condition of earth, worst, 16 Configuration of ground, influence of, 18 Consolidation, soft soil, 148, 149, 153, 154 Continuous surface, value of, 87 Counterforts, earth, 57, 58, 61, 121 ——, in slopes, 119–122 Covering, nature of, 122, 123 ——, slope, 122 Crumbling of the surface, 2 Crystalline rocks, 21 Culverts, approaches to, 84, 85 ——, design of, 85 ——, failures of, 195 ——, form, 83, 84 ——, general considerations, 83, 84 ——, influence on slips and subsidences in earthwork, 83 ——, special systems, 85, 86 Cuttings, causes of slips in, 2–5 ——, side, 157 ——, slips in, require separate consideration, 2 ——, vibration in, 136–141 D. Deposition of embankments. ——, effect of, 161 ——, failure of, 167 ——, form of tip head, 168 ——, general, 156, 157, 159 ——, height of tip, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 ——, junction of high embankments, 164, 165 ——, long lead, 163 ——, method of, on soft soils, &c., 154, 155 ——, precautions in the, 157, 158, 161, 162 ——, preparation of ground, 159, 160 ——, from side-cutting, 157, 158 ——, side tipping, 167, 168 ——, specifications, impracticable, 156, 157 ——, steam navvy and the, 169, 170 ——, systems of, 159, 161–164, 166–169 ——, weather influence, 167 Depth, influence of, in cuttings, 87 ——, —— embankments, 87 ——, —— foundations, 89, 90 Diluvial soil, safe load upon, 89 Diversion of land waters, 15 ——, —— rivers, streams &c., 196, 197. _Vide_ RIVER. Dock earthworks. ——, ascertaining nature of soil, 198, 199, 208–210, 217, 218 ——, “Boils” in foundations, 216. _Vide_ “BOILS.” ——, causes of slips and subsidences in, 3–8 ——, difficulties of construction, 198–200 ——, ditches and watercourses, 201 ——, drainage of site and pumping of water, 202, 203, 216, 224 ——, execution of, 203, 204 ——, foundation, 201 ——, liability to slip, 199–201,204, 205 ——, location of, 200–202, 216, 217 ——, pressure of water in, 199, 200 Dock-walls. ——, arched system, 210, 211 ——, back drainage, 213, 215 Dock-walls, backing, 214, 215 ——, bulging, 207, 213 ——, construction of, 205–207, 211–213 ——, counterforts to, 212 ——, jetties as face counterforts, 207, 208 ——, material, 203, 210 ——, piles, use of in, 209 ——, Portland cement concrete wall, 223 ——, prevention of movement in, 207–212 ——, repairing a slipped wall, 213, 214