321 Hunter-kills 118 Wolf-kills Sig., -- Older deer excluding excluding 99% in wolf-kill fawns fawns --------------------------------------------------------------------------- FOOTNOTES: [20] Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test (Siegel 1956). [21] Z test (Downie and Heath 1959). [22] Because test showed no significant differences in age or sex structure between sample of known wolf-kills and probable wolf-kills, these were combined for all subsequent tests and the pooled sample considered "wolf-kills." [23] At 95 percent level or greater. (NOTE: Lack of a significant difference does _not_ prove that no difference exists. Rather, it means only that the available evidence does not allow the positive conclusion that a difference does exist.) [24] Wolf-kills found on lakes were compared with those located inland because of the possibility that kills on lakes may not be representative of kills in general. [25] Sample too small for test, but no apparent difference. [26] No significant difference in entire age structures. However, when the percentage of yearlings is compared between the two groups, the difference is almost significant at the 95 percent level. _Table 2.--Sex ratios of hunter-killed deer and wolf-killed deer from northeastern Minnesota_ -------:--------------------------:------------------------- Age : Hunter-killed deer : Wolf-killed deer -------:--------------------------:------------------------- Number Percent Percent Number Percent Percent male female male female Fawns 108 50 50 22 41 59 Adults 315 68 32 105 54 46 ------------------------------------------------------------ In the comparisons of the subsamples of hunter-kills, the only statistically significant difference found was that the adult subsample had a higher proportion of males than the fawn subsample. No significant difference was found in the age structures of the subsamples, so these were all pooled into a sample of 433 hunter-kills for comparison with the wolf-kills. For the same reason, the entire sample of 142 wolf-killed deer was used for a comparison with the hunter-killed sample. _Table 3.--Sex ratios of wolf-killed deer from wilderness areas and from hunted areas_ #: _Number_ %: _percent_ -------:-------------------:------------------:----------------- Age : Wilderness area : Hunted area : Total -------:-------------------:------------------:----------------- # % % # % % # % % male female male female male female Fawns 4 0 100 18 50 50 22 41 59 Adults 41 71 29 64 44 56 105 56 44 ----------------------------------------------------------------