[Illustration: _Figure 15.--Infection and fibrous mass in a front foot of specimen M-29. (Photo courtesy of University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.)_] [Illustration: _Figure 16.--Injury to left front foot of specimen M-196. (Photo courtesy of L. D. Mech)._] [Illustration: _Figure 17.--Healed fracture of left hind leg of specimen M-227. (Photo courtesy of University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.)_] SUMMARY White-tailed deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_) killed by wolves (_Canis lupus_) during winter in a relatively unhunted wilderness area and in an immediately adjacent hunted area of Minnesota were compared with deer killed by hunters in the same general area, and with a hypothetical population. Deer killed by wolves were significantly older. Statistical comparisons also showed the following: (1) hunters generally killed an even sex ratio of fawns, and a disproportionate number of adult bucks, (2) wolves took a higher percentage of female fawns than female adults, a disproportionate number of bucks in the wilderness area, and a higher percentage of does in the hunted area. The latter fact evidently reflects the higher hunter success on males in the hunted area. Significantly higher incidences of abnormalities and pathological conditions of both mandibles and lower limbs were found in wolf-killed deer than in hunter-killed deer, and these conditions are described. It is concluded that wolf predation on white-tailed deer in the study area during winter generally is selective in that it tends to remove members of the prey population that are old, debilitated, or abnormal. Apparently these classes of deer represent such a small percentage of the population that they are seldom taken by human hunters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by Macalester College, the New York Zoological Society, the Minnesota Department of Conservation, the USDA Forest Service, and the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Pilots Robert Hodge, Pat Magie, John Winship, Jack Burgess, Don Murray, and Walt Neumann aided substantially in obtaining jaws from wolf-killed deer. Students from the Macalester College Biology Department and personnel of the USDA Forest Service and the Minnesota Department of Conservation helped secure mandibles from both wolf-killed and hunter-killed deer. The interest of Mr. John E. Peninger and of many deer hunters in contributing the jaws is also greatly acknowledged. Mr. David W. Kuehn sectioned the incisors of the deer jaws and determined their ages. Dr. Donald M. Barnes of the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory examined the abnormal lower limbs, described their pathology, and provided photos of specimens used herein. Mr. Wallace C. Dayton and Miss Elizabeth Dayton and the Quetico-Superior Foundation, all of Minneapolis, financed Mech during the preparation of this paper.