Of the revenue receipts of the states 38 per cent. Of the revenue receipts of the counties 76 per cent. Of the revenue receipts of the incorporated places. 60 per cent. The total amount collected in this way in 1913 was over $1,083,000,000.] [Footnote 3: See above, ch. 2, secs. 2, 3, and reference there to Vol. I.] [Footnote 4: See above, ch. 2.] [Footnote 5: See Vol. I, pp. 116, 117, 145, 445-455.] [Footnote 6: See Vol. I, pp. 117, 146, 453.] [Footnote 7: See above, sec. 4.] [Footnote 8: No reference is made in what follows to fees payable but once for the incorporation of new companies or at times of increasing the capital stock of an old one, variously called taxes on corporate charters, license taxes, incorporation fees, organization fees, and charter fees.] [Footnote 9: See above, sec. 3.] [Footnote 10: E.R.A. Seligman, "Essays on Taxation" (1895), p. 156.] [Footnote 11: Seligman, op. cit. p. 136.] [Footnote 12: See above, sec. 7.] [Footnote 13: See above, sec. 5.] [Footnote 14: The assessment feature of this proposal is exemplified more nearly than anywhere else, tho still imperfectly, in the "Indiana plan," in which, however, the true concept of property is recognized only in so far as the shares of corporations of which all the wealth is taxed are not assessed to the shareholders.] [Footnote 15. This need not prevent a supplementary system of graduated taxation on incomes. See below, ch. 18, sec. 10.] CHAPTER 18 PERSONAL TAXES § 1. Inheritance tax laws. § 2. Fiscal importance of inheritance taxes. § 3. Income taxes; general nature. §4. Income taxation by the states. § 5. History of federal income taxation. § 6. Events leading up to the law of 1913. § 7. Main features of the law. § 8. Exemptions and stoppage at source. § 9. The graduation principle. § 10. A system of taxation. § 1. #Inheritance tax laws.# There remain to be considered at least two important forms of taxation that are essentially _personal_ in their unit of assessment, in contrast with the foregoing which are (or should be, if consistent) essentially _impersonal_[1] These are the inheritance and the income taxes. Until 1916 little use had been made of inheritance taxation for federal purposes. In that year, however. Congress passed a law which was expected to obtain about $20,000,000 a year from inheritances. Forty-one states in America have inheritance tax laws (in 1915) which apply generally to property passing either by will or under the intestate laws of the state. The tax is for state purposes. These laws differ in many ways, but are nearly all alike in certain respects: (1) In applying to the separate legacies rather than to the estate as a whole.[2] (2) In taxing legacies to relatives in the direct line at a lower rate (or even exempting them entirely) than those to collateral relatives.[3] (3) In exempting legacies below a certain amount.[4]