§ 1. Changing relations between employers and wage-workers. § 2. Need of common action among wage-workers. § 3. Functions of labor organizations. § 4. Types of labor organizations. § 5. Statistics of labor organizations. § 6. Collective bargaining. § 7. Limitation of competition among workers. § 8. Strikes in labor disputes. § 9. Frequency and causes of strikes. § 10. Picketing and the boycott. § 11. Effects of organization upon general wages. § 12. Competitive aspect of organization and particular wages. § 13. Monopolistic aspect of organization and particular wages. § 14. Open vs. closed shop. §15. Political and economic considerations. §16. The public's view of unions. § 17. Future role of organization. § 1. #Changing relations between employers and wage-workers.# The "organization of labor," or the "labor movement," so striking a feature of the world to-day, is of comparatively recent origin. It did not begin and advance _pari passu_ with the beginning and early growth of the wage-system as above briefly described.[1] In anything like its modern form the labor movement dates from the early years of the eighteenth century. Much of the largest part of its history in all countries, excepting England, is after 1860. Why was organization among the workers so long delayed after wage-payment became common, and why when it once appeared did it spread so rapidly in some directions, and why is it still limited in the main to certain fields of industry? These three questions are but one question in three forms and to answer one fully would be to answer all.