§ 7. #Limitation of competition among workers#. In order that the representatives of organized laborers may act effectively in collective bargaining the first condition necessary is that a large proportion, if not all, of the workers of the trade in the establishments concerned shall be organized. A common sense of wrong is one of the strongest motives to bring workers together, and has prompted the origin of many a local chapter. Then constant and strenuous efforts are made to bring workers into the organized ranks. Experienced organizers knowing all the arts of persuasion devote their whole time to this task, being paid regular salaries. When friendly argument fails, threats may be used and sometimes personal violence. The public opinion and class feeling fostered among members of an organization in times of difficulties are analogous to the sense of patriotism in the nation at large and at times may displace it in the hearts of organized laborers as is seen in opposition to the militia and to the maintenance of order in times of strikes. The most effective of all peaceful methods if petty persecution rising at times to social ostracism. The individual who declines to enter the union is denounced as a traitor to his fellow workers and is made to feel their scorn. The use of the union card to be carried by every member to show whether he is in good standing is an effective way of enforcing these measures. Finally, where all these measures fail, pressure may be brought upon the employer to get him to force unwilling workers into the union.[4] Further to give control over those working in a trade and to reduce competition among workers, unions often limit the number of apprentices and determine who shall have the privilege of learning the trade. By a variety of regulations they limit the output and in many cases (tho less frequently now) have opposed the use of labor-saving machinery. Further to enforce these policies they seek to have each special kind of work controlled by a special union. This gives rise to disputes between rival unions and causes annoyance and loss to the workers themselves, to the employers, and to the general public. § 8. #Strikes in labor disputes.# A strike is a concerted stopping of work by a group of employees to enforce a demand upon the employer. A lockout is an employer's closing of his shop because of a disagreement with his employees. The strike is, in its direct and indirect, immediate and ultimate, effects the most important weapon of the organized wage-earners in their relations with their employers. To newly organized laborers the union appeals mainly as an instrument for striking, for threatening the employer, or for making him suffer to compel him to accede to their demands. The effectiveness of a strike lies in the loss it threatens or occasions in the stopping of machinery, the ruin of materials, the loss of custom, and the failure to complete contracts that have been undertaken.