[389] The subject of the origin and development of the English universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr. Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are concerned. [390] Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic. [391] Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy. [392] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 36. [393] _Ibid._, p. 39. [394] _Ibid._, p. 42. [395] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 60. [396] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 10. [397] _Ibid._, p. 72. [398] _Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea_, II., p. 153. [399] _Ibid._, p. 105. [400] _Ibid._, p. 156. [401] _Ibid._, p. 159. [402] _Rob. de Monte, Chron._ ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466. [403] _Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant._, ed. Stubbs, Vol. II., p. 384. [404] _Giraldus Cambrensis_: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73. [405] Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236. [406] _Materials for the Life of Becket_, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146. [407] Rashdall, _Univ._, vol. II., p. 342. [408] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 2. [409] See Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 419-421. [410] _Munimenta Academica_: I., 39, 40. [411] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 424. [412] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 228, 229. [413] _Chron: Roger of Wendover_ (R. S.), II., p. 51. [414] See also _Munimenta Academica_, pp. 1-4. [415] _Cal. Close Rolls_, 15 Hen. III., p. 586; _Ed. Ch._, p. 149. [416] Cooper: _Annals of Cambridge_, I., 56. [417] Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550. [418] Toulmin Smith: _English Guilds_, p. XIV. [419] Dates from the eleventh century. [420] _English Guilds_, p. lxxxi. [421] _Ibid._, p. lxxxiii. [422] _Two Thousand Years of Gild Life_, p. 106. [423] Hartshorn: _Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe_, 1100-1700, p. 12. [424] Ashley: _Econ. Hist._, I., p. 70. [425] Gasquet: _Precis des Institutions de l'Ancienne France_, II., 233-243. [426] Gross, _Gild Merchant_, p. 32. n. 1. [427] _Ibid._, pp. 37 _seq._ [428] Ashley, _Econ. Hist. I._, p. 72. [429] _Ibid._, p. 79. [430] _Ibid._, p. 80. [431] _Ibid._, p. 81. [432] _Bristol Little Red Book_, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the Corporation of Bristol. [433] Toulmin Smith, _op. cit._, p. 280. [434] T. Smith, _op. cit._, p. 198. [435] Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark in _Essex Rev._ XV., p. 146. [436] _Gild Certif._, 57.