There is one remarkable feature of weight or gravitation: whatever be
the nature of the objects, they always fall at the same speed (apart
from atmospheric resistance). This is easily proved by causing a number
of different objects to fall, in the same period of time, down a long
tube in which a vacuum has been created. They all reach the bottom of
the tube at the same time. A ton of lead and a sheet of paper will, if
they are launched into the void simultaneously from the summit of a
tower, reach the ground simultaneously, with a velocity the acceleration
of which is, near the ground, 981 centimetres a second. This fact was
known to Lucretius. Two thousand years ago that profound and immortal
poet wrote:
Nulli, de nulla parte, neque ullo
Tempore, inane potest vacuum subsistere rei,
Quin sua quod natura petit concedere pergat.
Omnia quapropter debent per inane quietum
Æque ponderibus non æquis concita ferri.[8]
[8] _De Natura Rerum_, bk. ii, vv. 235-40.
Now if weight were a _force_ analogous to electrical attraction,
to the propulsion of a locomotive, or even to the propulsive action
of a charge of powder, this ought not to be the case. The velocities
which it communicates to different masses ought to be different from
each other. The two trains of unequal mass in our illustration receive
unequal accelerations from the same locomotive. Nevertheless, if a
great trench suddenly opened before them, they would fall into it with
the same velocity.
From this it is only one step to conclude that gravitation is not a
force, as Newton thought, but simply a property of space in which
bodies move freely. Einstein took this step without hesitation.
Imagine the cable of the lift in some colossal skyscraper suddenly
breaking. The lift will fall with an accelerated movement, though
less rapidly than it would in a vacuum, on account of the atmospheric
resistance and the friction of the cage of the apparatus. But let us
suppose, further, that the electrical engine which works the lift has
its commutator reversed at the same time, and this accelerates the
fall to such an extent that the velocity of the descent increases 981
centimetres in every second. It would be quite easy for our engineers
to carry out this experiment, though the interest of it has not up to
the present seemed great enough to justify it. But we have the right,
when it is necessary to make a subject clear, to say with the poet:
An thou wilt, let us dream a dream.
Let us suppose our dream fulfilled. The lift falls from above with
precisely the accelerated velocity of an object falling in a vacuum.
If the passengers have kept cool enough in their giddy rush downward to
observe what happens, they will notice that their feet cease to press
against the floor of the lift. They can imagine themselves like La
Fontaine’s charming and poetic princess:
No blade of grass had felt
The light traces of her steps.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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