We saw that, in consequence of gravitation, the Einsteinian universe
is not Euclidean, but curved. It is, as we said, difficult, if not
impossible, to visualise a curvature of space. But the difficulty
exists only for our imagination, which is restricted by our life of
sense, not for our reason, which goes farther and higher. It is one of
the commonest of errors to suppose that the wings of the imagination
are more powerful than those of reason. If one wants proof of the
contrary, one has only to compare what the most poetic of ancient
thinkers made of the starry heavens with what modern science tells
about the universe.
Here is the way to approach our problem. Let us not notice for the
moment the rather irregular distribution of stars in our stellar
system, and take it as fairly homogeneous. What is the condition
required for this distribution of the stars under the influence of
gravitation to remain stable? Calculation gives us this reply: The
curvature of space must be constant, and such that space is bent like a
spherical surface.
Rays of light from the stars may travel eternally, indefinitely, round
this unlimited, yet finite, universe. If the cosmos is spherical in
this way, we can even imagine the rays which emanate from a star—the
sun, for instance—crossing the universe and converging at the
diametrically opposite point of it.
In such case we might expect to see stars at opposite points in the
heavens, of which one would be the image, the spectre, the “double” of
the other—in the sense which the ancient Egyptians gave to the word.
Properly speaking, this “double” would represent, not the generating
star as it is, but as it was at the time when it emitted the rays which
form the double, or millions of years earlier.
If we observe the original and the double star, the reality and the
mirage, simultaneously from some remote part of the stellar system,
such as our planet, we shall see a great difference between them, since
the “copy” will show us the original as it was thousands of centuries
before. It may, in fact, happen that the second star is more brilliant
than the first, because in the meantime the first has gradually cooled,
and may even be extinct.
* * * * *
It is improbable that we should find many of these phantom-stars,
or virtual stars, luminous and unreal daughters of heavy suns. The
reason is that the rays in their passage through the universe will
generally be diverted by the stars near which they pass. Concentration
or convergence of them at the antipodes of the real star must be rare.
Moreover, the rays are to some extent absorbed by the cosmic stuff they
meet in space. It is, however, not impossible that the astronomers of
the future may discover such phenomena. It is, in fact, not impossible
that we have already observed such things without knowing it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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