Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Philosophy
Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000
Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Relativity (Physics)
Such a quantity, having the same value for all observers, is
absolute. In the plane it represents the true, absolute distance
between the points--their intrinsic property. In dealing with events it
represents the true, absolute "interval," in time and space together
between the events. It is not space, nor time, but a combination of
the two. We have always broken it down into separate space and time
components. In this we are as naive as the plane observer who could
not visualize the distance $PQ$ until it was split into separate
horizontals and verticals. He understood with difficulty that another
observer, employing a different reference frame because in different
position, would make the decomposition differently. We understand with
difficulty that another observer, employing a different reference
frame because in uniform motion relative to us, will decompose the
"interval" between events into time and space components different
from ours. Time and space are relative to the observer; only the
interval representing space-time is absolute. So common sense stands
reconciled to the Special Theory of Relativity.
SUCCESSIVE STEPS TOWARD GENERALITY
Is then our laboriously acquired geometry of points in a
three-dimensional space to go into the discard? By no means. Jeans,
investigating the equilibrium of gaseous masses, found the general
case too difficult for direct attack. So he considered the case where
the masses involved are homogeneous and incompressible. This never
occurs; but it throws such light on the general case as to point the
way toward attack on it.
Euclidean geometry excludes motion, save that engineered by the
observer; and then the time is immaterial. Time does not enter at all;
the three space dimensions suffice. This simple case never occurs
where matter exists; but its conclusions are of value in dealing with
more general cases.
When we look into a world alleged to be that of Euclid and find motion,
we may retain the Euclidean concept of what constitutes the world and
invent a machinery to account for the motion; or we may abandon the
Euclidean world, as inadequate, in favor of a more general one. We
have adopted the second alternative.
Newton's laws tells us that a body free to move will do so, proceeding
in a straight line at uniform velocity until interfered with. We
do not ask, nor does the theory tell us, whence comes the initial
motion. There is no machinery to produce it; it is an inherent property
of Newton's world--assured by the superposition of the time continuum
upon Euclid's world to make Newton's, accepted without question along
with that world itself.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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