Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Philosophy
Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000
Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Relativity (Physics)
Two expeditions, one to Africa, and one to South America, observed
successfully the total eclipse of May 29, 1919. The former was
located on the Island of Principe in the Gulf of Guinea. The latter
was located at Sobral, Brazil. Their equipment and results are shown
in the following table, where the successive columns give the location,
the aperture in inches of the telescopes employed, their focus in feet,
the number of plates secured, the number of stars measured, their
mean deduced deflection from their true positions by the attraction
of the sun, and the deviations from the theoretical results.15 In
the first and last line of the table shown herewith, this
Location Aperture Focus Plates Stars Defl. Dev.
Principe 13 11 2 5 1''.60 -0''.15
Sobral 13 11 19 12 0 .93 (+0 .06)
,, 4 19 8 7 1 .98 +0 .23
deviation is taken from Einstein's computed value of 1''.75. In the
second line the difference shown is from the value required by the
Newtonian theory, 0''.87. The results obtained with this telescope
were rejected however, although they were much the most numerous,
because it was found that for some reason, supposed to be the heating
of the mirror by the sun before the eclipse, the star images were
slightly out of focus, and were therefore considered unreliable. The
results with the two other telescopes were not very accordant, but the
4-inch had the longer focus, secured the greater number of plates,
and showed the greater number of stars. The results obtained with
it therefore appear to have been the more reliable. They differ from
Einstein's prediction by 13 per cent. In future expeditions to test
this question, the mirror in front of the telescope will be eliminated.
We now come to the final test which has been applied to Einstein's
theory. Einstein showed that in the intense gravitational field of the
sun, the theory of relativity required that all of the spectrum lines
should be shifted slightly toward the red end. The shift however is
exceedingly small, and can only be detected and measured with the
most powerful modern instruments. Moreover only certain lines can
be used, because owing to varying pressure in the solar atmosphere,
which affects many lines, as well as to rapid motion in the line of
sight, which may affect all of them, still larger displacements are
liable to occur.
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