Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Philosophy
Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000
Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Relativity (Physics)
One of the grave difficulties we have in gaining a satisfactory
comprehension of Einstein's conceptions, is that they do not readily
relate themselves to our modes of geometrical thought. Within limits
we may choose our own geometry, but it may be at the cost of unwieldy
complication. If we think with Newton in terms of Euclidean geometry
and consider the earth as revolving around the sun, the motions of
our solar system can be stated in comparatively simple terms. If,
on the other hand, we should persist in stating them, as Ptolemy
would have done, from the earth as a relatively stationary center,
our formulas will become complicated beyond ready comprehension. For
this reason it is much simpler in applying the theory of relativity,
and in considering and describing what actually happens in the physical
universe, to use geometrical conceptions to which the actual conditions
can be easily related. We find such an instrument in non-Euclidean
geometry, wherein space will appear as though it were projected
from a slightly concave mirror. It is in this sense that some speak
of space as curved. The analogy is so suggestive it tempts one to
linger over it. Unless there were material objects within the range
of the mirror, its conformation would be immaterial; the thought of
the space which the mirror, as it were, circumscribes, is dependent
upon the presence of such material objects. The lines of light and of
all other movement will not be quite "straight" from the view-point
of Euclidean geometry. A line drawn in a universe of such a nature
must inevitably return upon itself. Nothing therefore, can ever pass
out of this unlimitedly great but yet finite cosmos. But even now,
since our imaginary mirror is only very slightly concave, it follows
that for limited regions like the earth or even the solar system, our
conception of geometry may well be rectilinear and Euclidean. Newton's
law of gravitation will be quite accurate with only a theoretical
modification drawn from the theory of relativity.]82
The way in which a curvature of space might appear to us as a force
is made plainer by an example. Suppose that in a certain room a
marble dropped anywhere on the floor always rolled to the center of
the room; suppose the same thing happened to a baseball, a billiard
ball, and a tennis ball. These results could be explained in two
ways; we might assume that a mysterious force of attraction existed
at the center of the floor, which affected all kinds of balls alike;
or we might assume that the floor was curved. We naturally prefer the
latter explanation. But when we find that in the neighborhood of a
large material body all other bodies move toward it in exactly the
same manner, regardless of their nature or their condition, we are
accustomed to postulate a mysterious attractive force (gravitation);
Einstein, on the contrary, adopts the other alternative, that the
space around the body is curved.]223
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