Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Philosophy
Einstein's Theories of Relativity and Gravitation: A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000
Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm)
Relativity (Physics)
The immediate concern of this science is the means of rigorous
thinking--undefined terms and definitions, axioms and propositions. Its
collateral concern is the things to which these may apply, the things
which may be thought about rigorously--everything. But now the
mathematician's domain is so vastly extended that it becomes more
than ever important for him to attain the utmost generality in all
his pronouncements.
One barrier to such generalization is the very name "geometry,"
with the restricted significance which its derivation and long usage
carry. The geometer therefore must have it distinctly understood
that for him "geometry" means simply the process of deducing a set
of propositions from a set of undefined primitive terms and axioms;
and that when he speaks of "a geometry" he means some particular set
of propositions so deduced, together with the axioms, etc., on which
they are based. If you take a new set of axioms you get a new geometry.
The geometer will, if you insist, go on calling his undefined terms by
the familiar names "point," "line," "plane." But you must distinctly
understand that this is a concession to usage, and that you are not
for a moment to restrict the application of his statements in any
way. He would much prefer, however, to be allowed new names for his
elements, to say "We start with three elements of different sorts,
which we assume to exist, and to which we attach the names A, B and
C--or if you prefer, primary, secondary and tertiary elements--or
yet again, names possessing no intrinsic significance at all, such as
ching, chang and chung." He will then lay down whatever statements he
requires to serve the purposes of the ancient axioms, all of these
referring to some one or more of his elements. Then he is ready for
the serious business of proving that, all his hypotheses being granted,
his elements A, B and C, or I, II and III, or ching, chang and chung,
are subject to this and that and the other propositions.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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