=558. Embryo.=—The egg first divides into two cells as shown in fig. 228, then into four. Now from each one of these quadrants of the embryo a definite part of the plant develops, from one the first leaf, from one the stem, from one the root, and from the other the organ which is called the foot, and which attaches the embryo to the prothallium, and transports nourishment for the embryo until it can become attached to the soil and lead an independent existence. During this time the wall of the archegonium grows somewhat to accommodate the increase in size of the embryo, as shown in figs. 312, 313. But soon the wall of the archegonium is ruptured and the embryo emerges, the root attaches itself to the soil, and soon the prothallium dies. [Illustration: Fig. 311. Two-celled embryo of Pteris serrulata. Remnant of archegonium neck below.] The embryo is first on the under side of the prothallium, and the first leaf and the stem curves upward between the lobes of the heart-shaped body, and then grows upright as shown in fig. 314. Usually only one embryo is formed on a single prothallium, but in one case I found a prothallium with two well-formed embryos, which are figured in 315. =559. Comparison of ferns with liverworts and mosses.=—In the ferns then we have reached a remarkable condition of things as compared with that which we found in the mosses and liverworts. In the mosses and liverworts the sexual phase of the plant (gametophyte) was the prominent one, and consisted of either a thallus or a leafy axis, but in either case it bore the sexual organs and led an independent existence; that is it was capable of obtaining its nourishment from the soil or water by means of organs of absorption belonging to itself, and it also performed the office of photosynthesis. [Illustration: Fig. 312. Young embryo of fern (Adiantum concinnum) in enlarged venter of the archegonium. _S_, stem; _L_, first leaf or cotyledon; _R_, root; _F_, foot.] =560.= The spore-bearing phase (sporophyte) of the liverworts and mosses, on the other hand, is quite small as compared with the sexual stage, and it is completely dependent on the sexual stage for its nourishment, remaining attached permanently throughout all its development, by means of the organ called a foot, and it dies after the spores are mature. =561.= Now in the ferns we see several striking differences. In the first place, as we have already observed, the spore-bearing phase (sporophyte) of the plant is the prominent one, and that which characterizes the plant. It also leads an independent existence, and, with the exception of a few cases, does not die after the development of the spores, but lives from year to year and develops successive crops of spores. There is a _distinct advance_ here in the _size_, _complexity_, and _permanency_ of this phase of the plant.