There are so many common snakes in the United States that only a few of the more familiar forms can be mentioned. The non-poisonous species of America belong to the family Colubridæ, while all but one of the poisonous species belong to the family Crotalidæ, characterized by the presence of a pair of erectile poison-fangs on the upper jaw. Among the commonest of the Colubridæ are the garter snakes (_Thamnophis_) (fig. 127), always striped and not more than three feet long. The most widespread species is _Thamnophis sirtalis_, rather dully colored with three series of small dark spots along each side. The common water-snake (_Natrix sipedon_) is brownish with back and sides each with a series of about 80 large square dark blotches alternating with each other. It feeds on fishes and frogs, and although "unpleasant and ill-tempered" is harmless. One of the prettiest and most gentle of snakes is the familiar little greensnake (_Cyclophis æstivus_), common in the East and South in moist meadows and in bushes near the water. It feeds on insects and can be easily kept alive in confinement. A familiar larger snake is the blacksnake or blue racer (_Bascaniom constrictor_), "lustrous pitch black, general color greenish below and with white throat." It is "often found in the neighborhood of water, and is particularly partial to thickets of alders, where it can hunt for toads, mice, and birds, and being an excellent climber it is often seen among the branches of small trees and bushes, hunting for young birds in the nest." The chain-snake (_Lampropeltis getulus_) of the southeast and the king-snake (also a _Lampropeltis_) (fig. 128) of the central States are beautiful lustrous black-and-yellow spotted snakes which feed not only on lizards, salamanders, small birds and mice but also on other snakes. The king-snake should be protected in regions infested by "rattlers." The spreading adder or blowing viper (_Heterodon platirhinos_), a common snake in the eastern States, brownish or reddish with dark dorsal and lateral blotches, depresses and expands the head when angry, hissing and threatening. Despite the popular belief in its poisonous nature this ugly reptile is quite harmless. It specially infests dry sandy places. [Illustration: FIG. 128.--A king-snake, _Lampropeltis boylii_. (Photograph from life by J. O. Snyder.)] [Illustration: FIG. 129.--The gopher-snake, _Pituophis bellona_. (Photograph from life by J. O. Snyder.)]