Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
But (_a_) the facts themselves are not correctly stated. The human
experiences upon which the pluralist relies for his conclusion present
at once too much and too little unity for the purposes of his theory. On
the one hand, the selves or persons composing society are not themselves
simple, undifferentiated unities. Just as your interests and mine may
often collide, so within what the pluralist assumes as the indivisible
unit of my own personality there may be a similar collision. What I call
my “own interests” or my own “apperceptive systems” or “trains of
thought” may exhibit the same kind of incompatibility and the same sort
of conflict for superiority as is found where your ideas and mine clash.
Thus Ethics and Psychology are led to distinguish between my “true” self
and the false selves by which it may on occasion be dominated, between
my “higher” self and the “lower” selves which, in morality, have to be
repressed by the higher, my “permanent” self, and the temporary
interests by which it is often overpowered, to say nothing of
“subliminal” consciousness and “dual” or “alternating personality.” The
“self” is so far from being a mere unit, that the variety and, what is
more, the incompatibility of its contents is a matter of everyday
experience.[55]
Pluralism may, of course, and often does, verbally admit this. The units
of the pluralist, we are often told, are not mere units devoid of
variety, but wholes which are the union of differences. But to concede
this is to cut away the ground from under the pluralist’s feet. If the
variety and the mutual struggle between the elements of the self are not
enough to destroy its unity, by parity of reasoning the multiplicity of
selves in the world and their mutual repulsions are not enough to prove
that the whole of Reality is not, in spite of its multiplicity of
detail, a unity more complete than any of the partial unities to be met
with in our experience. In fact, the pluralist has to meet the following
dilemma. Either his units are mere units without internal variety, and
then it is easy to show that they are the merest nothings, or they have
internal variety of their own, and therefore simply repeat within
themselves the problem they are supposed to solve.
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