Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
When we ask what are the marks by which one thing may be shown to be
more of a true individual whole than another, we shall find that they
may be reduced to two, both of which we can easily see to be in
principle the same, though, owing to the limitations of our insight,
they do not always appear to coincide in a given case. One thing is
_ceteris paribus_ more truly an individual whole than another: (1) when
the wealth of detailed content it embraces is greater; (2) when the
completeness of the unity with which it embraces that detail is greater.
Or, the degree of individuality possessed by any system depends: (1) on
its _comprehensiveness_; (2) on its _internal systematisation_. The more
a thing includes of existence and the more harmoniously it includes it,
the more individual it is.
It is manifest, of course, that these two characteristics of a
systematic whole are mutually interdependent. For, precisely because all
Reality is ultimately a single coherent system, the more there is
outside any partial system the greater must be the dependence of its
constituents for their character upon their connection with reality
outside, and the less capable must the system be of complete explanation
from within itself. The more the partial system embraces, the less will
its constituents be determined by relation to anything outside itself,
and the more completely will its organisation be explicable by reference
to its own internal principle of structure. That is, the greater the
comprehensiveness of the system, the completer in general will be its
internal coherence. And, conversely, the more completely the working of
the whole system in its details is explicable from within as the
expression of a single principle of internal structure, the less must be
the dependence of its contents on any external reality; and therefore,
seeing that _all_ reality is ultimately interconnected, the less must be
the extent of what lies outside the system in question. That is, the
greater the internal unity, the greater in general the comprehensiveness
of the system. Thus ultimately the two criteria of individuality
coincide.
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