Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
The second point is that the existence of such a uniformity never
affords logical ground for confident affirmation as to the actual event
in a particular concrete case. To revert to our illustration, just as we
have no right to infer from the approximately constant percentage of
marriages per year in a given society, that this precise percentage will
be realised in any one special year, so we have still less right to
infer that a particular member of that society will or will not marry.
Nothing but insight into the character, situation, and interests of this
special member of society can give me the right to judge with confidence
how he will actually behave. Similarly, it is possible to say within
certain limits of error how many persons over sixty years of age may be
expected to die in the next twelve months, but it would be the height of
logical presumption to infer that a particular man will die during the
year, except on the strength of special information about his pursuits,
habits, and general state of health.[130] Thus our general conclusion
must be, that calculation and the establishment of uniformities is
possible, without insight into individual purpose, but that the
uniformities thus obtained are always variable and approximate, and
afford no safe ground for inference as to special concrete cases.
§ 3. (2) _Uniformity in Physical Nature._ The existence of ascertainable
uniformities in physical nature, then, will not conflict with our
general interpretation of the physical order, provided that these
uniformities are of the type just illustrated by reference to ordinary
social statistics. On the other hand, the exact and rigid conformity of
the actual course of concrete events with such uniform general “laws,”
would certainly be inconsistent with the presence of teleological
adaptation to ends. A reign of rigid routine conformity to general law
cannot co-exist with individual purposive life. Now, it is commonly
assumed, and we shall shortly see that the assumption is both necessary
and justified as a practical methodological postulate, that the “reign
of law” in physical nature is absolute. But are there any grounds for
recognising this assumption as more than a possibly unrealised postulate
made for human practical purposes? I think it is easy to show that there
are none whatever, and that the conception of a nature devoid of purpose
and sentience, and swayed absolutely by mechanical “laws,” is simply a
metaphysical nightmare of our own invention.
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