constitutes the country, is a common spirit, a common soul, in short, a common name, which fuses into one all these separate facts of which no single one is absolutely necessary, but of which each forms an additional element to the strength of the country. Finally, as a last condition, the association which is to become a country must not, as was the case with the Roman empire, extend over too much territory; for beyond certain limits, patriotism relaxes. Nature has endowed us with this sentiment of patriotism. There is no one that does not love his country better than other countries, that is not flattered by national glory, that does not suffer from the humiliations and miseries of his native country. But this sentiment is more or less strong, according to temperaments. Often it is nothing more than a sentiment, and does not express itself in actions. It is the reflective faculties which make of patriotism a duty, which duty demands that sentiment pass into action; demands of all the citizens the same acts, whatever be the personal inclinations of each. The duties imposed on each man in regard to the particular society of which he is a member, are called _civil_ duties. He, himself, in regard to this society, is what is called a _citizen_; finally, the society itself, considered as one and the same person, of which the citizens are the members, is what is called the _State_ or the _city_. On the whole, there is no difference between _country_ and _State_. Country is at the same time _Society_ and _soil_. It is called by that name (State) when looked upon in the light of a family of which the citizens are the children, and also when considered in its relations with other nations and other societies. The State is that same society considered interiorly and in itself, not as to its soil and territory, but as to the members that compose it, and in as far as these members form one and the same body and are governed by laws. The country is a more concrete and more vivid expression, which appeals more to the feelings; the State is a more abstract expression, which addresses itself to reason. Besides, we shall understand better what is meant by the State, when we shall have explained the nature of public authority and the laws. =77. Foundation of the State--Rights.=--To understand the nature of the State and what is called _authority_, _sovereignty_, _magistracy_, _law_, one must begin with the notion of rights and of the different kinds of rights.