We have done with _practical_ morals, the morals, namely, which have for their object the setting forth of man's duties and the principal applications of the moral law. The second part of this course of study shall be devoted to the _theory_ of morals, which has for its object the elucidation of principles. But to pass from the one to the other, it seemed to us proper, by way of conclusion, to introduce here an order of researches which belongs to both practical and theoretical morals, the study, namely, of the means man has at his disposal in his moral self-perfection, either by curing himself of vice, or in advancing in virtue: this is what we call _moral medicine and gymnastics_. Bacon justly remarks that most moralists are like writing-masters who lay fine copies before their pupils, but tell them nothing of the manner of using the pen and tracing characters. Thus do the philosophers set before us very fine and magnificent models, very faithful and noble pictures of goodness and virtue, of duties, of happiness; but they teach us nothing about the means of attaining to such perfection. They make us acquainted with the _end_, and not with the _road_ that leads to it.[149] Then, presenting us himself a sketch of that portion of morality which does not confine itself to precepts only, but to instructions also, and which he calls the _Georgics of the soul_ (science of the culture and the soul), he tells us that it should be like medicine which considers first the _constitution_ of the patient, then the _disease_, then the _treatment_. The same in regard to the soul: there are moral temperaments as there are physical temperaments: these are the _characters_; moral diseases as there are physical diseases; these are the _passions_; and finally there is a moral _treatment_ as there is a physical treatment, and it is the treatment of morality to indicate this treatment. Now, one cannot treat a disease without knowing it and without being acquainted with the temperament and constitution of the patient. "A coat cannot be fitted on a body without the tailor's taking first the measure of him for whom he makes it." Hence, it follows that before deciding on a remedy, one must acquaint himself with the characters and passions.