[131] Plato's _Republic_, I., iv.: A man deserves to be called courageous when that part of his soul in which anger resides obeys the commands of reason. [132] Aristotle, _Nicomachean Ethics_, R. W. Browne's transl., IV., v. [133] Plato's _Republic_, I., iv. [134] Anger is still nobler when provoked by injustice done to others. [135] Aristotle, _Nicomachean Ethics_, IV., v. [136] Kant, _Doctrine de la Vertu_, _trad. franç._, p. 96. [137] Molière's _Tartufe_. [138] And shall I speak of Iris, loved and praised by all? Ah! what heart! ah! what heart! humanity itself! A wounded butterfly calls forth the truest tears! Ah, yes; but when to death poor Lally is condemned, And to the block is dragged, a spectacle to all, Iris will be the first to go to the dread feast, And buy herself the joy to see his dear head fall. GILBERT, _le Dix-Huitième Siècle_. [139] _Lettre sur la métaphysique_, lettre II., chap. ix. [140] Metaphysics is the science which treats of what is beyond and above nature. We call _metaphysical_ such attributes of God by which he surpasses nature; as, for instance, infinitude, immensity; the moral attributes, on the contrary, are those which have their analogies in the human soul, such as kindness, wisdom, etc. [141] V. Cousin, _Le Vrai, le Beau et le Bien_, xvi{e} _leçon_. [142] See _Dictionnaire de l'Académie française_ (7{e} edition, 1878): "_Veneration_, respect for holy things. It is also said of the respectful esteem in which certain persons are held." [143] A postulate is a truth which, although it cannot be rigorously demonstrated should, nevertheless, by reason of the necessity of its consequences, be practically admitted. [144] Kant, _Critique de la raison pratique_, II., ii. Trad. de J. Barni, p. 334. [145] _Critique de la raison pratique_; trad. fr., p. 363. [146] Jules Simon, _La Liberté de Conscience_, 4{e} leçon (Paris, 1857).--We have borrowed some few passages of another book of the same author, _La Liberté_ (Vol. ii., 4{e}, part 1, ch. 1). [147] Fénélon. _Lettres sur la métaphysique et la religion._ Letter II., ch. i. [148] The works of Epictetus. T. W. Higginson's transl., I., xvi. [149] _De Augmentis Scientiarum_, III., i. and iii. [150] Kant, _Anthropologie_. Trad. franc. de Tissot, p. 27. [151] Kant gives ingenious examples of these three degrees of action. See his _Anthropologische charakteristik_. [152] Aristotle's _Rhetoric_, book II., ch. xii., xiii., xiv., Bohn's translation. [153] Psychology is the science which treats of the faculties and operations of the soul. [154] Diagnosis in medicine is the art of determining a disease by means of the symptoms or signs it presents. [155] _Imitation of Jesus Christ_, I., xii. [156] We should, however, make a distinction between the passion for wine and drunkenness. One can have this passion without giving up to it. Drunkenness is the habit of yielding to it.