2122. The muscles of vegetative life are simply fibrous tunics, as in the arteries, and are found in the skin, in the intestine, and in the vessels. 2123. The tegumentary muscles lie under the skin, and are inserted into it, or into the dermo-osteous system, when such an one is present. If the fibrous membrane be strongly developed under the skin, then it receives the name of a _Panniculus carnosus_. 2124. The intestine has also its fibrous coat, which, upon the stomach, anus, and pharynx, is frequently developed as a panniculus carnosus. 2125. The same holds good of the vessels, especially of the arteries and trachea. 2126. The fibres are either elongated or else annular fibres. The latter obtain the preponderance at the extremities of the tubular formations, as on the pharynx, anus, lips, and eyelids. 2127. We have consequently a dermal, splanchnic, and osseo-muscular system. b. _Animal Muscles._ 2128. In the oxydizing part of the vascular system the formation of fibres must be preponderant over that of cells, and thus at the root of the lungs. 2129. The vessel becomes in the lungs a fleshy cavity. The fleshy vessel is the _heart_. 2130. The heart is a vascular fragment, with a preponderating development of fibrous membrane. 2131. This fibrous membrane is developed at a spot where all vascular systems enter into mutual proximity, such as the respiratory ducts and the intestinal lymphatic vessel, the artery and the vein. 2132. In the union of all the highest galvanism is attained, and then the formation may launch out into what is animal. 2133. The heart is the animal in the plant. 2134. The first heart is an arterial heart. There is originally no venous heart. In the embryo, particularly in that of the bird, this is extremely distinct; the arterial heart also emerges for the first time, and per se, in the lowest animals, in the Molluscs, Snails, and even in the Fishes, although in the latter it is regarded as a venous heart. 2135. The arterial heart is the central, the venous heart the peripheric. 2136. The heart is the prototype of the muscular system. All muscles must be a metatype of the heart. 2137. The muscle is hollow. It is a cyst. 2138. The muscular system is a manifold and serial juxtaposition of fibrous cysts or of hearts. In this respect the muscle has been formed in a corresponding manner to bone. Both are rows of cysts. 2139. But the muscle, as being the external fibrous tunic, is the enveloping or external cyst. 2140. In idea, the muscle can only directly envelop the bones, and not the other parts, for it ranks upon the same grade of development with the bone; it is the arterio-fibrous wall, while the bone is the internal arterial wall.