2182. The pharynx opens into the mouth, and so does the rectum into the anus; the trachea opens into the month, and so does the urethra into the anus; the salivary ducts open into the mouth, and so into the anus do the oviducts, with the spermatic canals in the lower animals. The rectum moreover lies behind the urinary cyst, like the gullet behind the trachea. 2183. The sphincter or occlusor muscles of the anus have been formed like the sphincter muscles of the pharynx. The anus is a mouth without a head, and therefore a mouth without lips, or an pharynx. _Cephalic Intestine._ 2184. The union or combination of the intestine with the animal systems, such as the nervous, muscular, and osseous, occurs in the head. 2185. In so far as it combines with bones and muscles, it becomes an organ of motion, and, when with the nerves, an organ of sensation. The animal or sarcal intestine is pharynx and mouth. 2186. The motor organ is an organ of prehension. The organs of prehension are endowed with independent motion, and therefore move towards the food. The first general organs of motion are the members of the body. In the higher animals the thoracic members are at once the prehensible organs. Instead of the aliment being obliged to flow, as unto the plant, in a state of suspension in water, the animal moves itself toward its food. 2187. The members are the first organs of prehension. But these are repeated in the head as jaws and teeth. The teeth are the second organs of prehension, but the first which belong to the cephalic intestine; they are called _organs of seizure_ or prehension. 2188. The organ of digestion is, however, one of a chemical character. It must be therefore repeated as such in the head. This is shown in the _salivary glands_. The saliva is the animal gastric juice, and is therefore directly solvent in its properties. It is _poison_. 2189. After and during the operation of the saliva, the aliments in the mouth are subjected to the action of the molar teeth and ground or _chewed_. These comminuting or crushing organs are only a repetition of the act of prehension, and consequently belong to the prehensile or biting organs. 2190. The mouth is the stomach repeated in the head. 2191. The union of the intestine with the nervous system is the _tongue_. 2192. The intestine, when repeated in the head's muscular system, is the organ of deglutition, as is seen in the pharynx and oesophagus. 2193. The prehensile and manducatory, venomous, gustatory, and deglutitory organs, are the forms into which the intestinal system divides, when it is repeated in the after-animal, or in the sphere of animal life. The gustatory organ is the nerve-intestine; the prehensile organ the bone-intestine; the organ of deglutition the muscular intestine; while the poison-organ is the proper cephalic intestine, or the stomach. 2. VASCULAR ORGANS.