I have said already that geometry is beyond the child's reach; but
that is our own fault. We fail to perceive that their method is not
ours, that what is for us the art of reasoning, should be for them
the art of seeing. Instead of teaching them our way, we should do
better to adopt theirs, for our way of learning geometry is quite
as much a matter of imagination as of reasoning. When a proposition is
enunciated you must imagine the proof; that is, you must discover
on what proposition already learnt it depends, and of all the
possible deductions from that proposition you must choose just the
one required.
In this way the closest reasoner, if he is not inventive, may find
himself at a loss. What is the result? Instead of making us discover
proofs, they are dictated to us; instead of teaching us to reason,
our memory only is employed.
Draw accurate figures, combine them together, put them one upon
another, examine their relations, and you will discover the whole
of elementary geometry in passing from one observation to another,
without a word of definitions, problems, or any other form of
demonstration but super-position. I do not profess to teach Emile
geometry; he will teach me; I shall seek for relations, he will
find them, for I shall seek in such a fashion as to make him find.
For instance, instead of using a pair of compasses to draw a circle,
I shall draw it with a pencil at the end of bit of string attached
to a pivot. After that, when I want to compare the radii one with
another, Emile will laugh at me and show me that the same thread
at full stretch cannot have given distances of unequal length. If
I wish to measure an angle of 60 degrees I describe from the apex
of the angle, not an arc, but a complete circle, for with children
nothing must be taken for granted. I find that the part of the
circle contained between the two lines of the angle is the sixth
part of a circle. Then I describe another and larger circle from
the same centre, and I find the second arc is again the sixth part
of its circle. I describe a third concentric circle with a similar
result, and I continue with more and more circles till Emile,
shocked at my stupidity, shows me that every arc, large or small,
contained by the same angle will always be the sixth part of its
circle. Now we are ready to use the protractor.
To prove that two adjacent angles are equal to two right angles
people describe a circle. On the contrary I would have Emile observe
the fact in a circle, and then I should say, "If we took away the
circle and left the straight lines, would the angles have changed
their size, etc.?"
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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