Joly de Maizeroy, Frederick the Great, Marshal Saxe, the prince de Ligne, Napoleon, Carnot, Scharnhorst, Clausewitz, Napoleon III., Moltke, Hamley, &c. The principal general military periodicals are:--English, _Journal of the R. United Service Institution_; United States, _Journal of the Military Service Institution_; French, _Revue d'histoire_ and _Revue des armees etrangeres_ (general staff); Rau and Lauth, _L'Etat militaire des puissances_ (about every 4 years); _Revue militaire generale_, founded in 1907 by General Langlois; _Almanach du drapeau_ (a popular _aide-memoire_ published annually); German, the _Vierteljahrsheft_ of the general staff; _Militar-Wochenblatt_ (referred to above as _M.W.B._--the supplements are of great value); von Lobell's _Jahresberichte_ (annual detailed reports on the state, &c., of all armies--an English _precis_ appears annually in the _Journal_ of the R.U.S. Institution); Austrian, _Streffleurs ost. Militar-Zeitschrift_, with which was amalgamated (1907) the _Organ d. militarwissenschaft. Vereins._ The British War Office issues from time to time handbooks dealing with foreign armies, and, quarterly since April 1907, a critical review and bibliography of recent military literature in the principal languages, under the name of _Recent Publications of Military Interest_. (C. F. A.) FOOTNOTES: [1] The phrase "K. und K." (_Kaiserlich und Koniglich_) is applied to all services common to the Austrian and Hungarian armies. "K.-K." (_Kaiserlich-Koniglich_) refers strictly only to the troops of Austria, the Hungarian army being known as the "K. Ung." (Royal Hungarian) service. [2] From _Krumperpferde_ (cast horses attached to batteries, &c., for odd jobs), applied to the recruits in jest. ARNAL, ETIENNE (1794-1872), French actor, was born at Meulan, Seine-et-Oise, on the 1st of February 1794. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was unsuccessful; it was not until 1827 that he showed his real ability in comedy parts, especially in plays by Felix August Duvert (1795-1876) and Augustin Theodore Lauzanne (1805-1877), whose _Cabinets particuliers_ (1832), _Le Mari de la dame de choeurs_ (1837), _Passe minuit, L'Homme blase_ (1843), _La Clef dans le dos_ (1848), &c., contained parts written for him. He was twenty years at the Vaudeville, and completed at the various Parisian theatres a stage career of nearly half a century. Arnal was the author of _Epitre a bouffe_ (1840), which is reprinted in his volume of poetry, _Boutades en vers_ (1861).