Arndt's untiring labour for his country rightly won for him the title of "the most German of all Germans." His lyric poems are not, however, all confined to politics. Many among the Gedichte (1803-1818; complete edition, 1860) are religious pieces of great beauty. Among his other works are _Reise durch Schweden_ (1797); _Nebenstunden, eine Beschreibung und Geschichte der schottlandischen Inseln und der Orkaden_ (1820); _Die Frage uber die Niederlande_ (1831); _Erinnerungen aus dem ausseren Leben_ (an autobiography, and the most valuable source of information for Arndt's life, 1840); _Rhein- und Ahrwanderungen_ (1846), _Wanderungen und Wandlungen mit dem Reichsfreiherrn von Stein_ (1858), and _Pro populo Germanico_ (1854), which was originally intended to form the fifth part of the _Geist der Zeit_. Arndt's _Werke_ have been edited by H. Rosch and H. Meisner in 8 vols. (not complete) (1892-1898). Biographies have been written by E. Langenberg (1869) and Wilhelm Baur (5th ed., 1882); see also H. Meisner and R. Geerds, _E.M. Arndt, ein Lebensbild in Briefen_ (1898), and R. Thiele, _E.M. Arndt_ (1894). There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz, his birthplace, and at Bonn, where he is buried. ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621), German Lutheran theologian, was born at Ballenstedt, in Anhalt, and studied in several universities. He was at Helmstadt in 1576; at Wittenberg in 1577. At Wittenberg the crypto-Calvinist controversy was then at its height, and he took the side of Melanchthon and the crypto-Calvinists. He continued his studies in Strassburg, under the professor of Hebrew, Johannes Pappus (1549-1610), a zealous Lutheran, the crown of whose life's work was the forcible suppression of Calvinistic preaching and worship in the city, and who had great influence over him. In Basel, again, he studied theology under Simon Sulzer (1508-1585), a broad-minded divine of Lutheran sympathies, whose aim was to reconcile the churches of the Helvetic and Wittenberg confessions. In 1581 he went back to Ballenstedt, but was soon recalled to active life by his appointment to the pastorate at Badeborn in 1583. After some time his Lutheran tendencies exposed him to the anger of the authorities, who were of the Reformed Church. Consequently, in 1590 he was deposed for refusing to remove the pictures from his church and discontinue the use of exorcism in baptism. He found an asylum in Quedlinburg (1590), and afterwards was transferred to St Martin's church at Brunswick (1599). Arndt's fame rests on his writings. These were mainly of a mystical and devotional kind, and were inspired by St Bernard, J. Tauler and Thomas a Kempis. His principal work, _Wahres Christentum_ (1606-1609), which has been translated into most European languages, has served as the foundation of many books of devotion, both Roman Catholic and Protestant. Arndt here dwells upon the mystical union between the believer and Christ, and