proclamation of Queen Victoria as empress of India in 1877, and in 1888 was created K.C.I.E. He also possessed decorations conferred by the rulers of Japan, Persia, Turkey and Siam. Sir Edwin Arnold died on the 24th of March 1904. ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714), German Protestant divine, was born at Annaberg, in Saxony, where his father was a schoolmaster. In 1682 he went to the Gymnasium at Gera, and three years later to the university of Wittenberg. Here he made a special study of theology and history, and afterwards, through the influence of P.J. Spener, "the father of pietism," he became tutor in Quedlinburg. His first work, _Die Erste Liebe zu Christo_, to which in modern times attention was again directed by Leo Tolstoy, appeared in 1696. It went through five editions before 1728, and gained the author much reputation. In the year after its publication he was invited to Giessen as professor of church history. The life and work here, however, proved so distasteful to him that he resigned in 1698, and returned to Quedlinburg. In 1699 he began to publish his largest work, described by Tolstoy (_The Kingdom of God is within You_, chap, iii.) as "remarkable, although little known," _Unparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie_, in which he has been thought by some to show more impartiality towards heresy than towards the Church (cp. Otto Pfleiderer, _Development of Theology_, p. 277). His next work, _Geheimniss der gottlichen Sophia_, published in 1700, seemed to indicate that he had developed a form of mysticism. Soon afterwards, however, his acceptance of a pastorate marked a change, and he produced a number of noteworthy works on practical theology. He was also known as the author of sacred poems. Gottfried Arnold has rightly been classed with the pietistic section of Protestant historians (_Bibliotheca Sacra_, 1850). See Calwer-Zeller, _Theologisches Handworterbuch_, and the account of him in Albert Knapp's new edition of _Die erste Liebe zu Christo_ (1845).