and not his own. His public life presents none of those acts of devotion and self-sacrifice which often redeem a career characterized by errors, follies and even crimes. One may deplore his unfortunate history and wasted genius, but it is impossible to regret his exclusion from the government of England. He was succeeded in the title as 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, according to the special remainder, by his nephew Frederick, 3rd Viscount St John (a title granted to Bolingbroke's father in 1716), from whom the title has descended. BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Bolingbroke's collected works, including his chief political writings already mentioned and his philosophical essays _Concerning the Nature, Extent and Reality of Human Knowledge_, _On the Folly and Presumption of Philosophers_, _On the Rise and Progress of Monotheism_, and _On Authority in Matters of Religion_, were first published in Mallet's faulty edition in 1754,--according to Johnson's well-known denunciation, "the blunderbuss charged against religion and morality,"--and subsequently in 1778, 1809 and 1841. _A Collection of Political Tracts_ by Bolingbroke was published in 1748. His _Letters_ were published by G. Parke in 1798, and by Grimoard, _Lettres historiques, politiques, philosophiques, &c._, in 1808; for others see Pope's and Swift's _Correspondence_; W. Coxe's _Walpole_; Phillimore's _Life of Lyttelton_; _Hardwick State Papers_, vol. ii.; _Marchmont Papers_, ed. by Sir G.H. Rose (1831); Letters to Lord Chancellor Hardwicke in _Add. MSS. Brit. Museum_ (see Index, 1894-1899), mostly transcribed by W. Sichel; _Hist. MSS. Comm., MSS. of Marquis of Bath, Duke of Portland at Welbeck_; while a further collection of his letters relating to the treaty of Utrecht is in the British Museum. For his attempts at verse see Walpole's _Royal and Noble Authors_ (1806), iv. 209 et seq. See also bibliography of his works in Sichel, ii. 456, 249. A life of Bolingbroke appeared in his lifetime about 1740, entitled _Authentic Memoirs_ (in the Grenville Library, Brit. Mus.), which recounted his escapades; other contemporary accounts were published in 1752 and 1754, and a life by Goldsmith in 1770. Of the more modern biographies may be noted that in the _Dict. of Nat. Biog._ by Sir Leslie Stephen, 1897; by C. de Remusat in _L'Angleterre au 18me siecle_ (1856), vol. i.; by T. Macknight (1863); by J. Churton Collins (1886); by A. Hassall (1889); and by Walter Sichel (1901-1902), elaborate and brilliant, but unduly eulogistic. (P. C. Y.) FOOTNOTES: [1] Swift's _Inquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry_; Mrs Delaney's _Correspondence_, 2 ser., iii. 168. [2] _Berwick's Mem._ (Petitot), vol. lxvi. 219. [3] _Hist. MSS. Comm., Portland MSS._ v. 235. [4] _Stuart MSS._ (Roxburghe Club), ii. 383. [5] _Hist. MSS. Comm., MSS. of H.M. the King, Stuart Papers_, i. p. xlviii.