Bonald's style is remarkably fine; ornate, but pure and vigorous. Many fruitful thoughts are scattered among his works, but his system scarcely deserves the name of a philosophy. In abstract thought he was a mere dilettante, and his strength lay in the vigour and sincerity of his statements rather than in cogency of reasoning. He had four sons. Of these, VICTOR DE BONALD (1780-1871) followed his father in his exile, was rector of the academy of Montpellier after the restoration, but lost his post during the Hundred Days. Regaining it at the second restoration, he resigned finally in 1830. He wrote _Des vrais principes opposes aux erreurs du XIXe siecle_ (1833), _Moise et les geologues modernes_ (1835), and a life of his father. LOUIS JACQUES MAURICE (1787-1870), cardinal (1841), was condemned by the council of state for a pastoral letter attacking Dupin the elder's _Manuel de droit ecclesiastique_. In 1848 he held a memorial service "for those who fell gloriously in defence of civil and religious liberty." In 1851 he nevertheless advocated in the senate the maintenance of the temporal power of Rome by force of arms. HENRI (d. 1846) was a contributor to legitimist journals; and RENE was interim prefect of Aveyron in 1817. Besides the _Theorie_ above mentioned, the vicomte de Bonald published _Essai analytique sur les lois naturelles de l'ordre social_ (1800); _Legislation primitive_ (1802); _Du divorce considere au XIXe siecle_ (1801); _Recherches philosophiques sur les premiers objets de connaissances morales_ (2 vols., 1818); _Melanges litteraires et politiques, demonstration philosophique du principe constitutif de la societe_ (1819, 1852). The first collected edition appeared in 12 vols., 1817-1819; the latest is that of the Abbe Migne (3 vols., 1859). See _Notice sur M. le Vicomte de Bonald_ (1841, ed. Avignon, 1853), (by his son Victor); Damiron, _Phil. en France au XIXe siecle_; Windelband, _History of Philosophy_ (trans. J.H. Tufts, 1893); E. Faguet in _Rev. des deux mondes_ (April 15, 1889). BONAPARTE, the name of a family made famous by Napoleon I. (q.v.), emperor of the French. The French form Bonaparte was not commonly used, even by Napoleon, until after the spring of 1796. The original name was Buonaparte, which was borne in the early middle ages by several distinct families in Italy. One of these, which settled at Florence before the year 1100, divided in the 13th century into the two branches of San Miniato and Sarzana. A member of this latter, Francesco Buonaparte, emigrated in the middle of the 16th century to Corsica, where his descendants continued to occupy themselves with the affairs of law and the magistracy. Napoleon's father and mother.