crippled by a serious fall, and was all but blind before her death in 1836. For the Bonaparte family in general, and Carlo and Letizia, see _Storia genealogica della famiglia Bonaparte, della sua origine fina all' estinzione del ramo gia esisente nella citta di S. Miniato, scritta da un Samminiatese_ (D. Morali) (Florence, 1846); F. de Stefani, _Le antichita dei Bonaparte; precede per una introduzione_ (L. Beretta) (Venice, 1857); L. Ambrosini and A. Huard, _La Famille imperiale. Hist. de la famille Bonaparte depuis son origine jusqu'en 1860_ (Paris, 1860); C. Leynadier, _Histoire de la famille Bonaparte de l'an 1050 a l'an 1848_ (_continuee jusqu'en 1866 par de la Brugere_) (Paris, 1866); A. Kleinschmidt, _Die Eltern und Geschwister Napoleons I._ (Berlin, 1876); D.A. Bingham, _The Marriages of the Bonapartes_ (2 vols., London, 1881); F. Masson, _Napoleon et sa famille_ (4 vols., Paris, 1897-1900); A. Chuquet, _La Jeunesse de Napoleon_ (3 vols., Paris, 1897-1899); T. Nasica, _Memoires sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Napoleon jusqu'a la age vingt-trois ans; precedes d'une notice historique sur son pere_; Baron H. Larrey, _Madame Mere_ (2 vols., Paris, 1892); Clara Tschudi, _Napoleons Mutter: aus dem Norwegischen ubersetzt von H. von Lenk_ (Leipzig, 1901). The brothers and sisters of Napoleon I., taken in order of age, are the following:-- Napoleon's brothers and sisters: 1. Joseph Bonaparte. I. JOSEPH (1768-1844), was born at Corte in Corsica, on the 7th of January 1768. He was educated at the college at Autun in France, returned to Corsica in 1784, shortly after the death of his father, and thereafter studied law at the university of Pisa. He became a barrister at Bastia in June 1788, and was soon elected a councillor of the municipality of Ajaccio. Like his brothers, Napoleon and Lucien, he embraced the French or democratic side, and on the victory of the Paolist party fled with his family from Corsica and sought refuge in France. After spending a short time in Paris, where he was disgusted with the excesses of the Jacobins, he settled at Marseilles and married Mlle Julie Clary, daughter of a merchant of that town. The Bonapartes moved from place to place, mainly with the view of concerting measures for the recovery of Corsica. Joseph took part in these efforts and went on a mission to Genoa in 1795. In 1796 he accompanied his brother Napoleon in the early part of the Italian campaign, and had some part in the negotiations with Sardinia which led to the armistice of Cherasco (April 28), the news of which he bore to the French government. Later he proceeded to Leghorn, took part in the French expedition for the recovery of Corsica, and, along with the commissioner of the French Republic, Miot de Melito, helped in the reorganization of that island. In March 1797 he was appointed by the Directory, minister to the court of Parma, and early in the summer he proceeded to Rome in the same capacity.