Napoleon was equally dissatisfied with his brother's conduct as lieutenant-general of France, while he himself was conducting the campaign of 1814 in the east of France. On the 30th of March, Joseph empowered Marmont to make a truce with the assailants of Paris if they should be in overpowering strength. On the surrender of the capital Joseph at once retired. The part which he played during the Hundred Days (1815) was also insignificant. It is strange that, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon should have urged him to inspirit the Chamber of Deputies with a view to a national resistance (_Lettres nouvelles de Napoleon_). In point of fact Joseph did little beyond seeking to further the emperor's plans of escape to America. After the surrender of his brother to the captain of H.M.S. "Bellerophon" at Rochefort, Joseph went to the United States. Settling in Bordentown, New Jersey, he adopted the title of comte de Survilliers, and sought to promote plans for the rescue of his brother from St Helena. In 1830 he pleaded, but unsuccessfully, for the recognition of the claims of the duke of Reichstadt (king of Rome) to the French throne. He afterwards visited England, and for a time resided at Genoa and Florence. In the latter city, the cradle of his race, he died on the 28th of July 1844. In person he somewhat resembled Napoleon, but utterly lacked his strength and energy. He was fitted for an embassy or judgeship, but was too mild, supine and luxurious for the tasks thrust upon him by his brother. Yet his correspondence and memoirs prove that he retained for Napoleon warm feelings of affection. Of the many works dealing with Joseph Bonaparte we may cite Baron A. du Casse, _Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire du roi Joseph_ (10 vols., Paris, 1854), and _Les Rois freres de Napoleon_ (1883); J.S.C. Abbott, _History of Joseph Bonaparte_ (New York, 1869); G. Bertin, _Joseph Bonaparte in America_; _Joseph Bonaparte juge par ses contemporains_ (anon.); the _Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito_ (translation, edited by General Fleischmann, 2 vols., 1881); R.M. Johnston, _The Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy_ (2 vols., with an excellent bibliography, London, 1904); _Correspondence of Napoleon with Joseph Bonaparte_ (2 vols., New York, 1856); Baron A. du Casse, _Histoire des ... traites de Mortfontaine, de Luneville et d'Amiens_, &c. (1855-1857); F. Masson, _Napoleon et sa famille_ (4 vols., Paris, 1889-1900). 2. Lucien Bonaparte