He lived chiefly at Rome, concerning himself with literary and philosophic studies and with the fortunes of his sons. Their devotion to the national and democratic cause in Italy in 1830-1831 gave him much pleasure, which was overclouded by the death of the elder, Napoleon Louis, in the spring campaign of 1831 in the Romagna. The failure of his other son, Charles Louis Napoleon (afterwards Napoleon III.), to wrest the French crown from Louis Philippe by the attempts at Strassburg and Boulogne also caused him much disappointment. He died on the 25th of July 1846 and was buried at St Leu. Under more favourable conditions Louis would have gained a name for kindness and philanthropy, proofs of which did indeed appear during his reign in Holland and gained him the esteem of his subjects; but his morbid sensitiveness served to embitter his relations both of a domestic and of a political nature and to sour his own disposition. His literary works are unimportant. His sons were Napoleon Charles (1802-1807), Napoleon Louis (1804-1831), and Charles Louis Napoleon (1808-1873), afterwards emperor of the French as NAPOLEON III. (q.v.). The chief works on the life and reign of Louis are le comte de Saint-Leu, _Documents historiques et reflexions sur le gouvernement de Hollande_ 3 vols., 2nd ed., Paris, 1820); F. Rocquain, _Napoleon I^er et le Roi Louis, d'apres les documents conserves aux archives nationales_ (Paris, 1875); Baron A. du Casse, _Les Rois freres de Napoleon_ (Paris, 1883); A Garnier, _La Cour de Hollande sous le regne de Louis Bonaparte, par un auditeur_ (Paris and Amsterdam, 1823); T. Jorissen, _Napoleon 1'er et le roi de Hollande (1806-1813) d'apres des documents authentiques et inedits_ (Paris and The Hague, 1868); V. Loosjes, _Louis Bonaparte, Koning van Holland_ (Amsterdam, 1888); L. Wichers, _De Regeering van Koning Lodewijk Napoleon_ (1806-1810) (Utrecht, 1892); F. Masson, _Napoleon et sa famille_ (4 vols., Paris, 1897-1900). 5. Pauline. V. MARIE PAULINE (1780-1825), the gayest and most beautiful member of the family, was born at Ajaccio on the 20th October 1780. At seventeen years of age she married General Leclerc, a staff officer of Napoleon, and accompanied him to St Domingo, where he died of yellow fever in 1802. Returning to Paris she espoused Prince Camillo Borghese (August 23, 1803) and went to reside with him in Rome. She soon tired of him, returned to Paris and gratified her whims in ways that caused some scandal. In 1806 she received the title of duchess of Guastalla. Her offhand treatment of the new empress, Marie Louise, in 1810 led to her removal from court. Nevertheless in 1814 she repaired with "Madame Mere" to Elba, and is said to have expressed a wish to share Napoleon's exile in St Helena. She died in 1825 of cancer. Canova's statue of her as Venus reclining on a couch is well known.