During the latter part of the 19th century, and particularly after the foundation of the national university in 1882, Bohemian literature has developed to an extent that few perhaps foresaw. Of older writers Bozena Nemceva, whose _Babicka_ has been translated into many languages, and Benes Trebizky, author of many historical novels, should be named. John Neruda (1834-1891) was a very fruitful and talented writer both of poetry and of prose. Perhaps the most valuable of his many works is his philosophical epic entitled _Kosmicke basne_ (cosmic poems). Julius Zeyer (1841-1901) also wrote much both in prose and in verse. His epic poem entitled _Vysehrad_, which celebrates the ancient glory of the acropolis of Prague, has great value, and of his many novels _Jan Maria Plojhar_ has had the greatest success. Of later Bohemian poets the best are Adolf Heyduk, Svatopluk Cech and Jaroslav Vrchlicky (b. 1853). Of Svatopluk Cech's many poems, which are all inspired by national enthusiasm, _Vaclav z Michalovic, Lesetinsky Kovar_ (the smith of Lesetin) and _Basne otroka_ (the songs of a slave) are the most notable. While Vrchlicky (pseudonym of Emil Frida) has no less strong patriotic feelings, he has been more catholic in the choice of the subjects of his many works, both in poetry and in prose. Of his many collections of lyric poems _Rok na jihu_ (a year in the south), _Poute k Eldoradu_ (pilgrimages to Eldorado) and _Sonety Samotare_ (sonnets of a recluse) have particular value. Vrchlicky is also a very brilliant dramatist. Bohemian novelists have become very numerous. Mention should be made of Alois Jirasek, also a distinguished dramatic author; Jacob Arbes, whose _Romanetta_ have great merit; and Vaclav Hladik, whose _Evzen Voldan_ is a very striking representation of the life of modern Prague. Like so many Bohemian authors, Hladik also is a copious dramatic author. Bohemia has been very fruitful in historic writers. Wenceslas Tomek (1818-1905) left many historical works, of which his _Dejepis miesta Prahy_ (history of the town of Prague) is the most important. Jaroslav Goll (b. 1846) is the author of many historical works, especially on the community of the Bohemian Brethren. Professor Joseph Kalousek has written much on the early history of Bohemia, and is also the author of a very valuable study of the ancient constitution (_Statni pravo_) of Bohemia. Dr Anton Rezek is the author of important historical studies, many of which appeared in the Journal of the Bohemian Museum and in the _Cesky Casopis Historicky_ (Bohemian Historical Review), which he founded in 1895 jointly with Professor Jaroslav Goll. More recently Dr Vaclav Flajshans has published some excellent studies on the life and writings of John Huss, and Professors Pic and Niederle have published learned archaeological studies on the earliest period of Bohemian history.