See A. de Miltitz, _Manuel des consuls_ (London and Berlin, 1837-1843); Baron Ferdinand de Cussy, _Dictionnaire du diplomate et du consul_ (Leipzig, 1846), and _Reglements consulaires des principaux etats maritimes de l`Europe et de l`Amerique_ (ib., 1851); Tuson, _British Consul's Manual_ (London, 1856); De Clercq, _Guide pratique des consulats_ (1st ed., 1858, 5th ed. by de Vallat, Paris, 1898); C. J. Tarring, _British Consular Jurisdiction in the East_ (London, 1887); Lippmann, _Die Konsularjurisdiktion im Orient_ (Berlin, 1898); Zorn, _Die Konsulargesetzgebung des deutschen Reichs_ (2nd ed., Berlin, 1901); v. Koenig, _Handbuch des deutschen Konsularwesens_ (6th ed., Berlin, 1902); Martens, _Das deutsche Konsular-und Kolonialrecht_ (Leipzig, 1904); Malfatti di Monte Tretto, _Handbuch des oesterreichischungarischen Konsularwesens_ (2 vols., 2nd ed., Vienna, 1904). See also the _Parliamentary Reports_ referred to in the text. For British consuls much detailed information, including, e.g., minute directions for the uniforms of the various grades, will be found in the official _Foreign Office List_ published annually. As regards American consuls, see C. L. Jones, _The Consular Service of the U. S. A._ (Philadelphia, 1906); _Publications of Univ. of Pennsylvania_, "Series in Pol. Econ. and Public Law," No. 18; and Fred. Van Dyne, _Our Foreign Service_ (Rochester, N.Y., 1909). FOOTNOTES: [3] The title of consul was borne by the chief municipal officers of several cities of the south of France during the middle ages and up to the Revolution. The name was not due to their being the successors of the chiefs of the Roman _municipia_. They were members of the governing body known as the _consulat_, and in Latin documents are sometimes styled _consiliarii_, i.e. councillors. The _consulat_ itself is not traceable beyond the 12th century. [2] Particular quarters of mercantile cities were assigned to foreign traders and were placed under the jurisdiction of their own magistrates, variously styled syndics, provosts (_praepositi_), echevins (_scabini_), &c., who had power to fine or to expel from the quarter. The Hanseatic League (q.v.), particularly, had numerous settlements of this kind, the earliest being the Steelyard at London, established in the 13th century. [3] i.e. as regards the organization of the system. Consuls, or consuls-general, of other countries have sometimes a diplomatic or quasi-diplomatic status. Consuls-general charges d'affaires, e.g., rank as diplomatic agents. Of these the most notable is the British agent and consul-general in Egypt, whose position is unique. The diplomatic agent of Belgium at Buenos Aires, e.g., is minister-resident and consul-general, and the minister of Ecuador in London is consul-general charge d'affaires.