The standard history of the modern German stage is Eduard Devrient, _Gesch. der deutschen Schauspielkunst_ (2 vols., Leipzig, 1848-1861); see also R. Prölss, _Gesch. der deutschen Schauspielkunst von den Anfangen bis 1850_ (Leipzig, 1900); O. G. Flüggen, _Biographisches Buhnen-Lexikon der deutschen Theater_ (Munich, 1892). A good account of the history of the Dutch drama is F. von Hellwald's _Geschichte des hollandischen Theaters_ (Rotterdam, 1874). See also the authorities under J. van den Vondel. Information concerning the Danish drama will be found in the autobiographies of Holberg, Öhlenschläger and Andersen; see also vol. i. of G. Brandes's _Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature_ (Eng. tr., London, 1901). As to the modern Norwegian drama see the same writer's _Ibsen-Bjornson Studies_ (Eng. tr., London, 1899); also E. Tissot, _Le Drame norvégien_ (Paris, 1893). The Russian drama is treated in P. O. Morozov's _Istoria Russkago Teatra_ (_History of the Russian Theatre_), vol. i. (St Petersburg, 1889); see also P. de Corvin, _Le Théâtre en Russie_ (Paris, 1890). A. Brückner, _Geschichte der russischen Literatur_ (Leipzig, 1905), may be consulted with advantage. Information as to the dramatic portions of other Slav literatures will be found in A. Pipin and V. Spasovich's _Istoria Slavianskikh Literatur_ (_History of Slavonic Literatures_), German translation by T. Pech (2 vols., Leipzig, 1880-1884). (A. W. W.) FOOTNOTES: [1] _Gallicanus_, part ii.; _Sapientia_. [2] _Gallicanus_, part i.; _Callimachus_; _Abraham_; _Paphnutius_. [3] The passion-play of Oberammergau, familiar in its present artistic form to so many visitors, was instituted under special circumstances in the days of the Thirty Years' War (1634). Various reasons account for its having been allowed to survive. [4] To the earliest group belong _The Castle of Perseverance_; _Wisdom who is Christ_; _Mankind_; to the second, or early Tudor group, Medwell, _Nature_; _The World and the Child_; _Hycke-Scorner_, &c. [5] _Magnyfycence_. [6] _New Custome_; N. Woodes, _The Conflict of Conscience_, &c. [7] _Albyon Knight_. [8] Rastell, _Nature of the Four Elements_; Redford, _Wit and Science_; _The Trial of Treasure_; _The Marriage of Wit and Science_. [9] _The Marriage of Wit and Wisdom_; _The Contention between Liberality and Prodigality_. [10] _Jack Juggler_; _Tom Tiler and his Wife_, &c. [11] _The Four P's_, &c. [12] _The Disobedient Child_ (c. 1560). [13] The [Greek: Christos paschôn], an artificial Byzantine product, probably of the 11th century, glorifying the Virgin in Euripidean verse, was not known to the Western world till 1542.